1. Essential Question:
How did Americans create a sense of unity and shared national identity in the early 19th Century?
Reading Quiz Chapter 12
Lesson Plan for Monday, October 2, 2006: RQ 12, Monroe Video, US Expansion Notes

2. US Expansion in the “Era of Good Feelings”
US Territorial & Economic Growth
History Channel Video: Monroe

3. US Expansion Under President Monroe

4. Expansion and Migration
No more naval conflicts in the Great Lakes
American attention shifted from Europe to the West after 1815
Rush-Bagot Treaty (1817)—US will not attempt to take Canada & Britain will not invade the US
Convention of 1818—the US/Canada border set at 49o
Foreign policy dominated Jefferson’s & Madison’s administrations

5. Extending the Boundaries
After the War of 1812, President James Monroe & Sec of State JQ Adams turned their attention to acquiring Spanish Florida
Andrew Jackson took it upon himself to end Indian attacks on Georgia from Spanish Florida
Jackson’s military advances helped force Adams-Onis Treaty (1819) that ceded Florida & Oregon to US
Also, Spain assumed Florida would eventually be annexed
US agreed to pay Spain $5 million & renounced claims to Texas

6. North America, 1819 Convention of 1818 Rush-Bagot Treaty (1817)
Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)

7. Settlement of the Trans-Mississippi
Settlers poured into Louisiana:
By 1810, 1/7 of the US pop lived in West; by 1840 over 1/3
8 new states were added to US
Indian removal began in the NW but was very hard in the South
Speculators sold land to settlers on credit; Many farmers quickly became in debt
5 Civilized Tribes (Cherokee, Creek, Seminole, Chickasaw, Choctaw)

8. Settlement of the Trans-Mississippi
Many families settled in West to escape overpopulation, rising land prices, worn-out soil in the East
Settlers brought culture with them:
New Englanders brought their Puritan values & their schools
Southerners brought their sense of honor & individualism
Self-sufficiency was important, but cooperation & strong community was necessary for survival

9. A Revolution in Transportation

10. Henry Clay’s American System
Henry Clay: “war hawk”, father of the American System, founder of the Whigs, “Great Compromiser” in 1820 & 1850, Southern supporter of nullification, presidential candidate
President Monroe’s support signaled a shift among Dem-Reps from agrarianism to a stronger role of the federal gov’t in promoting the economy
After the War of 1812, political leaders recognized the need the need to improve the country’s primitive transportation network
In 1815, Speaker of the House, Henry Clay, proposed the American System to promote national economic development

11. Henry Clay’s American System
All were proposed by Hamilton & opposed by Dem-Reps in the 1790s
1st significant protective tariff in US history
Jefferson let the charter of the 1st BUS expire in 1811
Henry Clay’s American System proposed:
Create the 2nd Bank of the US in 1816 to regulate currency
Tariff of 1816 to protect & promote US industrialization
Nat’l system of roads & canals
The American System helped unify North, South, & West
But Monroe refused to allow federal money to pay for new roads & canals
Helped pave the way for future RR construction & western Indian removal

12. A Revolution in Transportation
Connected Cumberland, MD & Wheeling, VA
In response to Henry Clay’s American System proposal:
National Road became the 1st federal transportation project
Thousands of private turnpikes were built by entrepreneurs
Roads were useful but they did not meet the demand for low-cost, over-land transportation

13. First Turnpike- 1790 Lancaster, PA
By 1832, nearly 2400 mi. of road connected most major cities.

14. Cumberland (National Road), 1811

15. Conestoga Covered Wagons
Conestoga Trail, 1820s

16. Roads and Steamboats
The Mississippi & Ohio Rivers helped farmers get their goods to the East but there was no way to get manufactured goods to the West
By 1811, steamboats provided upstream transportation with reduce costs, increased speeds, & free-flow of manufactured goods into the West

17. The Erie Canal made New York City the commercial capital of the US
The Canal Boom
The Erie Canal (1825) provided the 1st link between East & West:
Canals cut shipping costs BY 90% for western farmers & eastern manufacturers
Steamboats helped reduce shipping costs & stimulated commercial agriculture
Other states built canals also
The Erie Canal made New York City the commercial capital of the US

18. Erie Canal System

19. Principal Canals in 1840

20. Robert Fulton & the Steamboat
The Clermont

21. Inland Freight Rates

22. Clipper Ships & Overseas Trade

23. The Emergence of a Market Economy

24. Rise of Commercial Agriculture
Lower transportation costs led to greater income for farmers & specialized, staple-crop farms:
Ohio, NY, & PA: wheat
South: tobacco, rice, & cotton
Cotton began to boom due to an increase in textile production, the cotton gin, slavery, & the South’s water system
The new “king crop”

25. Bank’s easy credit sparked a depression in 1819 & 1837
Commerce and Banking
Early on, farmers marketed their own goods & used intermediaries to get crops to market
But, new commercial farming created a system of long-distance marketing based on credit
Led to creation of the 2nd Bank of the US which opened in 1816
Bank’s easy credit sparked a depression in 1819 & 1837

26. Early Industrialism
In 1815, 2/3 of US clothing was made by women at home via the “putting out” system
By 1840, US textile manufacturing grew, especially in New England
The most famous was Lowell’s Boston Manufacturing Company
Still, only 9% of the population was involved in manufacturing
“Cottage Industry”
Brought families extra income

27. Samuel Slater (“Father of the Factory System”)
Early Textile Loom
Samuel Slater (“Father of the Factory System”)

28. Francis Cabot Lowell’s town - 1814
The Lowell/Waltham System: First Dual-Purpose Textile Plant
Lowell Boarding Houses
Francis Cabot Lowell’s town

29. What was their typical “profile?”
Lowell Girls
What was their typical “profile?”

30. New England Dominance in Textiles

31. End of the “Era of Good Feelings”
Despite economic & territorial growth, the “Era of Good Feelings” was poorly named:
America’s one-party system led to factions among Republicans
Lingering hostility with England led to war
Slavery revealed sectional disputes between North & South