1. Chapter 11-2 Imperialism I) Colonial Control Takes Many Forms
II) Patterns of Imperialist Management
III) A British Colony
IV) African Resistance
V) Impact of Colonial Rule

2. I) Colonial Control Takes Many Forms
Imperialism was about the ability of the European’s to control the land, people and resources.
Imperialism changed from the 15th century into the 18th and 19th century.
In the earlier period the imperial powers did not penetrate far into the conquered lands nor did they have a substantial influence on the lives of the people.
In the new period Europeans demanded more influence on the economy and the lives of people, and wanted them to adopt European customs.
Europeans used 4 methods to control the people
Colony; a country or region governed internally by a foreign power
Protectorate; a country or territory with its own internal government but under the control of an outside power.
Sphere of Influence; an area in which an outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges.
Economic Imperialism; independent but less developed nations controlled by private business interests rather than by other governments.

3. II) Patterns of Imperialist Management
Two methods of internal management of colonies appeared
Indirect control relied on existing political rulers. In time the local population would learn to govern itself
Britain and the United States used this model
Direct Control felt the that local population was unable to handle the complexities of running a country, and Europeans needed to govern people in a fatherly way (paternalism)
France supported a policy of assimilation, where the local population would be absorbed into French culture

4. III) A British Colony
Britain had outlawed the slave trade (1807) and freed some slaves who helped them gain control in Nigeria
The Royal Niger Company gained control of the palm-oil trade and the Berlin Conference gave Britain the lands along the Niger River (1884)
In 1914 Britain claimed the entire region of Nigeria.
Nigeria is one of the most diverse areas of Africa, and Britain did not have enough Troops to control it so they relied on indirect rule
This worked well in the North, but in the South they appointed inexperienced chiefs which led to problems

5. IV) African Resistance
Africans resisted colonial rule, despite a lack of adequate organization and weapons.
Sometimes African societies tried to form alliances with the Europeans to defeat rivals, hoping the agreements would allow them to remain independent.
In some cases Europeans did help, but turned on their African allies soon afterward.
Algeria resisted France for 50 years and Samori Tuure led a resistance in West Africa for 15 years
Menelik II led Ethiopia in the only successful African resistance to the European rule by playing the Italians, French and British against each other.
In one of the greatest battles in African history, Menelik’s Ethiopian forces successfully defeated the Italians in the Battle of Adowa, maintaining their nation’s independence.

6. V) Impact of Colonial Rule
- European colonial rule forever altered African lives.
- Colonialism has had both positive and negative effects on African lands and peoples
Positive
Reduced local warfare
Improved sanitation, hospitals, schools
Literacy rates improved
Economic growth
Negative
Lost control of their lands
Many died of new diseases such as small pox
Many died resisting Europeans
Famines resulted from change to cash crops instead of subsistence farming
Breakdown of traditional culture