1. Foundations of Independence: African Resistance Between the World Wars

2. Kongo-Wara War Began with a “prophet” named Karnu - Advocated passive resistance to colonial authority Around 1927 his followers began armed revolt - Approx. 350,000 took part Revolution grew until 1931 but failed - Brutal Colonial repression - The last rebels hid in caves

3. Independent Christian Churches Spread of Christian Churches without European control of doctrine - Why would this contribute to resistance in a general sense? Specific example is Simon Kimbangu - God freeing the Congolese - Didn't pay taxes - Didn't grow cash crops for gov't

4. Working Together Large strikes for better pay and working conditions Impact in mining and railroad industries Some early trade-unions African-run welfare organizations - helped combat local injustices

5. Pan Africa Movement Idea of “Africa for the Africans” Growth of an African nationalism - Shared identity in being African as well as individual tribe Particular influence with a growing class of educated Africans - Growing awareness of systematic injustice Negritude movement created pride in being black

6. Marcus Garvey Inspirational Pan-African Figure - Spoke about Africa as a kingdom for Africans Named himself “President of the United States of Africa” Giant d-bag and piece of scum Never actually visited Africa