1. Temperature WEATHER AND CLIMATE

2. Temperature refers to the degree of hotness or coldness of the air It varies throughout the day in a place The temperature rises and falls as the Earth rotates from west to east and it rises during the day and falls at night It also varies from place to place Temperature gets cooler as we go to higher grounds Places nearer the Equator are warmer throughout the year than places farther away from it Elements of Weather: Temperature

3. Singapore What is the reason for Singapore’s hot climate? Elements of Weather: Temperature

4. Factors Affecting Temperature 1. Latitude Due to angle of incidence, the sun’s ray travels a shorter distance through the atmosphere and the solar radiation is concentrated on a smaller area These places experience uniform temperatures annually due to the tilt of the earth on its axis and cause these places to face the sun and receive the same radiation all year round. Places at lower latitudes are always hotter than those at higher latitudes

5. Factors Affecting Temperature 2. Altitude Temperature falls as altitude increases at a rate of 6.5°C/1000m (known as the Normal lapse rate) Air is less dense at higher altitudes -> absorb less long wave radiation -> lower temperatures

6. Measuring Temperature Air temperature is measured with a thermometer The scale is in degree Celsius (OC) Daily maximum temperature refers to the highest temperature reading for the day Daily minimum temperature refers to the lowest temperature reading for the day Glass tube Mercury or alcohol

7. Measuring Temperature Maximum temperature is measured by the maximum thermometer It consists of a glass tube containing mercury and a metal index When temperature rises, the mercury expands and pushes the metal index upwards When temperature falls and the mercury contracts, the metal index stays in place

8. Measuring Temperature The minimum thermometer works in the same way to measure the lowest temperature reading, but contains alcohol instead of mercury The maximum and minimum thermometer, which is also called the U-shaped thermometer, can measure both maximum and minimum temperatures

9. Six’s Thermometer Six’s Thermometer/U-shaped thermometer left bulbright bulb metal index vacuum alcohol mercury right bulb

10. Six’s Thermometer When temp increases, both alcohol and mercury expand alcohol in the left limb forces the mercury towards the right limb the mercury pushes the index up in the right limb part of the alcohol in the right limb vaporises and moves into the vacuum end of the index closest to the mercury gives the maximum temperature

11. Six’s Thermometer When temp decreases, both alcohol and mercury contract alcohol vapour in the right bulb liquifies so that the mercury now flows in the opposite direction and pushes the up the metal index in the left limb end of the index closest to the mercury gives the minimum temperature

12. Diurnal temperature range Average temperature range Mean monthly temperature Annual range of temperature Mean annual temperature Calculating Temperatures

13. The mean daily temperature is the average temperature of a place on any one day Formula Mean daily temperature = Daily maximum Daily minimum temperature + temperature 2 The daily temperature range is the difference between the maximum and minimum temperatures recorded in a day Formula Daily temperature range = Daily maximum Daily minimum temperature - temperature Calculating Temperatures

14. The mean monthly temperature is the average temperature of a place in a month Formula Mean monthly temperature = Sum of mean daily temperatures for the month Number of days in the month The mean annual temperature is the average temperature in a place within a year Formula Mean annual temperature = Sum of mean monthly temperatures in the year 2

15. Calculating Temperatures The annual temperature range is the difference between the maximum and minimum mean monthly temperatures recorded in a year Formula Annual temperature range = Maximum Minimum mean monthly - mean monthly temperature temperature

16. Elements of Weather: Temperature Isotherms: lines joining places of equal temperature

17. Elements of Weather: Temperature Line graph:

18. Stevenson Screen Instruments used to measure temperature are usually placed in a Stevenson Screen Maximum and minimum thermometers or six’s thermometer and a wet and dry bulb thermometer are kept in the SS. Barometer can also be kept in SS

19. Stevenson Screen It is made of wood ✓ wood is a poor conductor of heat It is painted white ✓ white paint reflects light so that the box does not heat up excessively Its is a raised 1.2 metres above ground ✓ to minimise the effect heat radiating from the ground

20. Stevenson Screen The sides and doors have louvres ✓ to allow free air movement in and out of the box direct heat of the Sun It has a double-layered roof with intervening air space ✓ to reduce excessive heating inside the box as air is a good insulator ✓ Where should a stevenson screen be sited?