1. PRO-SOCIAL AND ANTI-SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR UNIT 2 – AOS 1

2. Social relationship – is used to describe the connection or association between two or more people, especially with regard to how they think, feel and behave towards each other. Social behaviour – refers to any behaviour where interaction occurs between two or more people.May include: smiling at someone, receiving advice etc.

3. Pro-social behaviour: positive social behaviour Anti-social behaviour: negative social behaviour

4. Pro-social behaviour Everyday acts of helping others that involves personal cost to the helper. True pro-social behaviour intentional, in that the helper deliberately tries to provide assistance. The behaviour must benefit or help another person, group or society. Eg: opening a door, donating to charity, volunteering.

5. The case of Kitty Genovese Genovese was murdered in a New York street in 1964 at around 3am after returning home from work in a bar – she was attacked by a man with a knife She tried to escape but her attacker caught her and repeatedly stabbed her Kitty’s scream for help woke 38 of her neighbors – many switched on their lights and watched for up to 35 minutes Only one called the police – no one went to her aid http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JozmWS6x YEw&feature=searchhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JozmWS6x YEw&feature=search

6. Key Question: Why did the 37 other people do nothing? 2 minute task: List some situations where you have helped someone in need Where you by yourself or in a group?

7. Factors influencing pro- social behaviour Situational factors Social norms Personal factors

8. Factors influencing pro-social behaviour: situational factors Noticing the situation People in a group are more likely to be focused on their interactions with each other than on their surroundings, as compared with when they are alone. Noticing an incident that is different or unusual and may involve someone needing help is a necessary first step in making a helping response.

9. Factors influencing pro-social behaviour: situational factors Interpreting the situation Many situations in which help may be required are ambiguous or unclear. Therefore people cannot always be sure that a helping response is appropriate or required. The less ambiguous the situation the more likely an individual will help.

10. Factors influencing pro-social behaviour: situational factors Taking responsibility You are unlikely to intervene and help unless you believe it is your responsibility to do so. When someone else is nearby in an emergency situation we may leave the responsibility to them to help Bystander effect: is the tendency for individuals to be less likely to help another person when other bystanders are present, or believed to be present, as compared with when they are alone. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JcowGVd6GqY&feat ure=related

12. Factors influencing pro-social behaviour: situational factors

13. Factors influencing pro-social behaviour: social norms We help others because we believe we are ‘supposed’ to help Reciprocity norm an unwritten rule that we should give what we receive or expect to receive (reciprocate) states we should help others who help us E.g. help a friend with their h/w you would expect them to help you out when you need a favour

14. Factors influencing pro-social behaviour: social norms Social responsibility norm help those who need help b/c it is our duty or responsibility to do so Eg give up your seat on a bus, help someone with directions (we are however selective with social Responsibility norm – more likely to help victims of bushfires, flood or burglary b/c they are not responsible for bringing about their hardship)

15. Factors influencing pro-social behaviour: personal factors EmpathyMoodCompetence More likely to help if feel sorry for them or understand their feelings and difficulties (feel concern for them) – want suffering to end which can motivate to help Batson (1995) believes you help people in distress for selfish motives as well as purely helpful ‘selfless; motives Summarise a study based on this pg 425 More likely to help when in a good mood b/c helping makes us feel good people sometimes help in order to stay in a good mood Copy Figure 10.13 pg 427 People with abilities or training relevant to a situation in which help is required are more likely to help Relevant training makes help more likely to be offered and more likely to be effective

16. Tasks: Learning Activity 10.7: Q4 Learning Activity 10.9 Media Response – bystander intervention Due Tuesday 30 th August.

17. Putting it together... Learning Activity 10.8: Summary of factors that influence helping Learning Activity 10.9: Media response – bystander intervention

18. Altruism Refers to pro social behaviour focused on the wellbeing or benefit of others without any thought to personal gain or reward Altruism involves no personal gain, reward or benefit Genuine altrusim – a passer- by who puts themselves in front of a gunman to save another (element of personal risk)

19. Altruism Many of us assume we would act instinctively to help a stranger in trouble. But we might be a lot more selfish then we think Complete Learning Activity 10.10 Complete Learning Activity 10.11

20. Altruism? These internationally famous rock stars and movie actors are deeply involved in various activities to benefit starving or disadvantaged people in poor and/or war torn countries. Q: can their pro-social behaviour be described as alturism?

21. Factors influencing reluctance to help Diffusion of responsibility Audience inhibition Cost-benefit analysis

22. Factors influencing reluctance to help: diffusion of responsibility Belief that in a situation where help is required and others are present one or more OTHER people will or should take responsibility for helping Leads each individual to feel less responsible for helping than when alone b/c assume someone else will take on the responsibility of helping Explains why no one helps when many people are present in a situation where help is required

23. Diffusion of responsibility Belief that in a situation where help is required and others are present. One or more OTHER people will or should take responsibility for helping Leads each individual to feel less responsible for helping than when alone b/c assume someone else will take on the responsibility of helping Explains why no one helps when many people are present in a situation where help is required Learning Activity 10.14 (Q 2)

24. Audience Inhibition People may stand back and not help because they do not want to embarrass themselves or feel foolish, especially if help is not actually needed The presence of others at the scene = an audience and this increases the chances of being embarrassed or feeling foolish This can INHIBIT/STOP someone from helping http://content.jacplus.com.au/secure/FileViewer?re sourceId=124577&category=eLesson

25. Cost benefit analysis Weighing up personal and social costs of helping against the benefits of helping BENEFITS = Rewards – monetary reward, feeling good, increased self esteem or social approval (cheers from crowds) or thrill of making evening news COSTS = effort and time required, risks such as personal injury Eg giving a friend a kidney Learning Activity 10.15 Q.3 a & b

26. Anti-social behaviour Is any behaviour that is disruptive or harmful to the wellbeing or property of another person or to the functioning of a group or society Typically involves actions that break laws, rules or social norms

27. Aggression In psychology, aggression is often defined as any behaviour intended to cause physical or psychological harm to a person (including self), animal or object LA 10.20 Q. 4 a-j

28. Aggression: explanations No single, commonly agreed-upon explanation: 1.Psychodynamic perspective 2.Ethological perspective 3.Biological perspective 4.Social learning perspective Task: summarise each of these perspectives (Pg. 438-48)

29. Social learning perspective Learn aggression through watching other people being aggressive and then copying their aggressive behaviour Observational learning Involves watching someone elses behaviour and the consequences of their behaviour and then modeling or imitating the behaviour

30. Bandura (1965) – explaining human aggression Identified 4 conditions that are necessary for observational learning to occur 1.Must pay attention to models behaviour 2.Must remember the models behaviour 3.Must have the ability to reproduce or imitate the behaviour 4.Must be motivated to perform the behaviour

31. Motivated to do or not to do If observe behaviour being reinforced (e.g. rewarded) = more likely to be motivated to reproduce the behaviour If observe behaviour not being reinforced/or being punished = less likely to be motivated to reproduce the behaviour Young children learn from watching sporting idols, watching characters in movies or parents

32. The BOBO DOLL pg 446 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lCET gT_Xfzghttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lCET gT_Xfzg

33. THE BOBO DOLL In your workbooks, identify: –The aim –A possible hypothesis –Participants –Procedure –The main findings of the study