1. CELLULAR RESPIRATION Chemical Pathways Chapter 9-1 http://www.clickatutor.com/mitochondria.jpg

2. ___________ use energy from sunlight or chemicals to make their own food AUTOTROPHS http://www.inclusive.co.uk/downloads/images/pics2/tree.gif In the last chapter green plants used ________________ to trap energy from __________ and make ______________ sunlight food (glucose) PHOTOSYNTHESIS http://206.173.89.42/REALTYWITHALOHA_COM/piphoto/funny%20sun%20with%20sunglasses.gif

3. In this chapter, we will learn how this glucose is ____________ by organisms and the _______ is stored as _______ in a process called ___________________ What kind of organisms do this? energy broken down ATP CELLULAR RESPIRATION

4. ________ (Including _______) ALL LIVING THINGS NEED ENERGY! What kind of organisms do this? plantsfungibacteria ______ animals humans

5. We get the energy the plants stored as glucose by _____________ directly or eating the _________ that ate the plants. How do we get the sugar from the plants? Image from: http://ag.ansc.purdue.edu/sheep/ansc442/Semprojs/2003/spiderlamb/eatsheep.gifhttp://www.cibike.org/Eating.htm REMEMBER! _______________ get their energy by eating other organisms. HETEROTROPHS eating plants animals

6. Area with gel-like material inside cell membrane surrounding mitochondria = ______________________ Power plant of cell that burns glucose and stores the energy as ATP = _______________ mitochondria CYTOPLASM Image from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/cytoplasm.html http://www.clickatutor.com/mitochondria.jpg

7. MITOCHONDRIA = cell power plant Surrounded by ___________ membrane Outer membrane & Inner membrane (called _______________ ) Space between inner membrane & outer membrane = ____________________ Space inside cristae folds = _________________ CYTOPLASM surrounds mitochondria INTERMEMBRANE SPACE DOUBLE MATRIX CRISTAE

8. All organisms (heterotrophs AND autotrophs) use the _____________ to charge up their _______ Image from: http://www.cat.cc.md.us/~gkaiser/biotutorials/energy/adpan.html energy in food ATP

9. This process of releasing the to release energy from FOOD (glucose) to make _____ = ________________ Image by Riedell Image from: http://www.biologyclass.net/mitochondria.jpe ATP CELLULAR RESPIRATION

10. CELLULAR RESPIRATION happens __________ in ________________. If all the energy was released in one step… most would be lost as ____________________! http://plato.acadiau.ca/COURSES/comm/g5/Fire_Animation.gif slowly many steps light and heat

11. PHOTOSYNTHESIS ___________ + _________ + ___________ → _______________ + __________ 6 CO 2 6 H 2 OC 6 H 12 O 6 6O 2 _____________ + _________ → ________ + __________ + __________ ______________________________________________________________ CELLULAR RESPIRATION C 6 H 12 O 6 6O 2 6 CO 2 6 H 2 O The two equations are exact opposites!

12. UNITS FOR MEASURING HEAT ENERGY Amount of heat it takes to raise 1 gram of water 1 ◦ Celsius = _______________ Unit for measuring energy in food = _______________ 1 Calorie = _________ calories Calorie calorie 1000 http://www.raytechcatalog.com/images/products/mainstay_food_3600_nutrition.gif http://hesperia.gsfc.nasa.gov/sftheory/images/boilingif

13. CELLULAR RESPIRATION includes: ______________________ _______________________ GLYCOLYSIS ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN KREBS CYCLE

14. GLYCOLYSIS Happens in ______________ Breaks down ____________ into ________________ Produces _______ __________ 2 CYTOPLASM outside mitochondria 1 glucose 2 2 pyruvic acid (pyruvate)

15. Glycolysis (GLYKOS = ________ LYSIS= ___________ ) Glycolysis ____________________________ BUT it needs some ____________to get it started. What molecule do you think is going to supply the energy do this? split apart DOES NOT REQUIRE OXYGEN ATP sweet ENERGY

16. ________ ↓ ___________ → → _____________ ↓ ____________________ + _______________ GLUCOSE2 PYRUVIC ACID PUT IN ________ and GET BACK __________ Net gain of ________ and __________ 2 ATP’s 4 ATP’s GLYCOLYSIS 2 ATP’s 2 NADH ATP ATP NADH

17. PYRUVIC ACID MOVES TO NEXT STEP IF THERE IS NO OXYGEN (______________) IF THERE IS OXYGEN (_____________) = ANAEROBIC = AEROBIC

18. PYRUVIC ACID ___________ OXYGEN 2 kinds of fermentation ___________________ & _____________________ ANAEROBIC Alcoholic Lactic acid WITHOUT

19. _______ + _____ → __________ + ______ + _____ ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION PYRUVIC ACID ALCOHOL Happens when yeast makes bread dough rise CO 2 bubbles make _____________ in bread Alcohol _______________ during cooking CO 2 NAD + http://www.deliciousdelicious.com/archives/herb%20bread%201.jpg air spaces evaporates

20. _______ + _____ → __________ + ______ + _____ ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION PYRUVIC ACID ALCOHOL Happens when ___________ make _______ or ____________ make ______ CO 2 NAD + http://www.firstpath.com/images/alcohol.jpg yeast beer bacteriawine

21. _______ + _____ → ______________ + ________ LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION PYRUVIC ACID LACTIC ACID Happens in _____________ during ____________when body can’t get oxygen to tissues fast enough. Lactic acid builds up in muscles causing soreness NAD + http://www.miranda.com/library.en/Images/Pictures/girls-runners.jpg exercise muscles

22. _______ + _____ → ______________ + ________ LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION PYRUVIC ACID LACTIC ACID Happens when bacteria are used to make __________and ____________ like: Yogurt, buttermilk, sauerkraut, pickles, cheese sour cream, & kimchi NAD + http://chronicle.augusta.com/images/headlines/032200/DANNON_YOGURT.jpg http://www.reillydairy.com/natural_cheese.html food beverages

23. WITHOUT OXYGEN, PYRUVIC ACID ___________ and all the _______ carriers get full. Eventually glycolysis will WHY DO FERMENTATION? WHY NOT JUST KEEP MAKING ATP USING GLYCOLYSIS? builds up NAD +

24. _______ + _____ → __________ + ______ + _____ FERMENTATION HAPPENS so cells can ____________________ needed to keep glycolysis going PYRUVIC ACID ALCOHOL → CO 2 NAD + REGENERATE the NAD + LACTIC ACID NAD + → You get the NAD + carriers back ______

25. KREBS CYCLE & ELECTRON TRANSPORT Chapter 9-2 http://www.clickatutor.com/mitochondria.jpg http://www.therunningdoctor.com/runinjuries.htm

26. REMEMBER: The “fork in the road” happens following glycolysis. The presence or absence of _______________ decides which path it takes next. OXYGEN

27. Flowchart Section 9-2 Glucose (C 6 H 12 0 6 ) + Oxygen (0 2 ) Glycolysis Krebs Cycle Cellular Respiration We will next focus on the Krebs Cycle. This is the path that is taken when oxygen is present.

28. Image from BIOLOGY Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing _______________ follows glycolysis if oxygen is present KREBS CYCLE

29. happens in ________________ Breaks down _________________ Produces: ____ ____ MATRIX inside mitochondria 2 pyruvic acid 2 6 8 2

30. WHERE DOES IT GO? 6 carbons in original glucose are lost as ________________ to atmosphere → Carbon dioxide

31. WHERE DO THESE GO? ATP can be used directly to supply __________ for the cell. High energy electron carriers move into the ____________________ energy ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN

32. Flowchart Section 9-2 Glucose (C 6 H 12 0 6 ) + Oxygen (0 2 ) Glycolysis Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain Cellular Respiration We will next focus on the Electron Transport Chain.

33. ELECTRON TRANSPORT Enzymes found in _____________ Uses high energy electrons and H + ions donated by _______ and _______ Makes ___________ ________ acts a final electron acceptor to produce ________ cristae inner membrane of mitochondria NADH FADH 2 OXYGEN H 2 O 32 (net) ATP

34. ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN Image from: BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006 INTERMEMBRANE SPACE MATRIX CRISTAE

35. NADH → _____ FADH 2 → ____ 3 ATP’s 2 ATP’s

36. Glucose Glycolysis Cytoplasm Pyruvic acid Electrons carried in NADH Krebs Cycle Electrons carried in NADH and FADH 2 Electron Transport Chain Mitochondrion WHATS THE BIG PICTURE?

37. Image from BIOLOGY Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing

38. CELLULAR RESPIRATION (aerobic/ with oxygen): 1 glucose → _______________ FERMENTATION (anaerobic/ without oxygen): 1 glucose → ________________ 36 ATP 2 ATP

39. CARBOHYDRATES SUPPLY ENERGY Images from: http://www.miranda.com/library.en/Images/Pictures/girls-runners.jpg http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html Cells burn GLUCOSE for their energy needs Remember !

40. EXERCISE and ENERGY (Short term energy) Cells normally contain _________ amounts of ATP produced by _______________ & __________________________ (only enough for a few seconds of activity) Once this ATP is used up_____________ fermentation can provide enough ATP to last about ___________________. SMALL GLYCOLYSIS CELLULAR RESPIRATION LACTIC ACID http://www.therunningdoctor.com/runinjuries.htm 90 seconds

41. EXERCISE and ENERGY (Short term energy) Once race is over, _______________ must be broken down using oxygen. A quick sprint builds up an ________________ that must be repaid by ______________________ oxygen debt heavy breathing Image from: http://www.miranda.com/library.en/Images/Pictures/girls-runners.jpg Lactic acid

42. EXERCISE and ENERGY (LONGER term energy) For exercise longer than 90 seconds _____________________ is the only way to make enough ATP. Cellular respiration releases energy _____________ than fermentation. Well conditioned athletes must pace themselves during a long race. more slowly Cellular respiration

43. Animal cells store GLUCOSE as _____________ to use later. Image from: http://www.msu.edu/course/lbs/145/smith/s02/graphics/campbell_5.6.gif GLYCOGEN What happens in a long race when the body’s glucose all is used up?

44. EXERCISE and ENERGY (LONGER term energy) ________________ store glucose as ________________ which can be broken down into glucose to supply energy for_______________ of activity. MUSCLES 15-20 minutes glycogen

45. EXERCISE and ENERGY (LONGER term energy) After glycogen stores are used up the body begins to break down ________ That’s why aerobic exercise must continue for longer than 20 minutes if you want to lose weight! FAT Image from: http://blackmovie.us/movie/Fat.Albert/fat.albert.movie.jpg

46. ALL CELLS NEED ENERGY All __________________ (including plant and animal cells) have _______________ for cellular respiration All __________________ (bacteria) have their electron transport enzymes attached to their _____________________ Remember: No membrane bound organelles! mitochondria Eukaryotes Prokaryotes Cell membranes