2. “Cellular RESPIRATION”

3. What is the difference between respiration and breathing ?

4. Respiration The transfer of stored energy in food molecules to a form usable by the organism AND involves the exchange of gases between the organism and the environment

5. Process Through the process of respiration, the organism produces adenosine triphosphate (ATP) which will be used for energy

6. Process (ATP) (ADP + P) Click on this link and be patient as it loads: From food to FuelFrom food to Fuel

7. 1. Cellular Respiration Involves a series of enzyme- controlled reactions in which energy in food is broken down into energy that the organism can use (ATP)

8. Hydrolysis of ATP When ATP is broken down, energy is released and ADP is formed H 2 O + ATP  ADP + P + energy This is the energy used by the body to carry out the functions of life ADP = adenosine diphosphate

9. Do Now: What words would you cluster if you heard the words AEROBIC RESPIRATION? And explain why?

10. Do Now: What words would you cluster if you heard the words AEROBIC RESPIRATION? Aerobic Respiration Mitochondria Energy ATP Oxygen

11. Glucose (C6H12O6) 2 pyruvic acid +2 ATP 2 PGAL (C3H5O3) Glycolysis (splitting glucose) +4 ATP Net Gain:???

12. Glycolysis (splitting glucose) Net Energy Yield from Glycolysis Energy requiring steps: –2 ATP invested Energy releasing steps: –2 NADH formed –4 ATP formed Net yield is 2 ATP and 2 NADH

13. Glycolysis (splitting glucose) All three reactions with Glycolysis Glycolysis occurs in cytoplasm Reactions are catalyzed by enzymes Glucose2 Pyruvate (six carbons) (three carbons)

14. Types of Respiration 1.Aerobic Respiration -involves the use of oxygen 2. Anaerobic Respiration -oxygen is not used

15. Respiration Respiration- is an organisms’ ability to create energy. (ATP ) Respiration Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration Alcoholic Fermentation Lactic Acid Fermentation

16. Anaerobic Respiration Also known as Fermentation Does not require oxygen Takes place in the cytoplasm of cell Glucose is either broken down into lactic acid or alcohol and CO 2 As a result of anaerobic respiration, there is a net gain of 2 ATP’s

17. Equations for Anaerobic Respiration glucose  2 lactic acids + 2 ATP’s glucose  2 alcohol + 2 CO 2 + 2 ATP’s In each equation, enzymes are used and a net gain of 2 ATP’s are produced lactic acid Fermentation Alcohol fermentation

18. Lactic Acid Fermentation Glucose 2 pyruvic acid 2 ATP Lactic Acid 4 ATP “Lactic Acid Fermentation

19. Lactic Acid Fermentation ****Net gain: 2 ATP **Not very efficient*** **Carried out by Bacteria and HUMAN MUSCLE CELLS (during muscle fatigue) **Ever heard, ”NO PAIN NO GAIN?” **This is when muscles cells have used all of their provided O2 but they (muscles) require more energy. Soooo they then carry out LAF. **Major economic importance to the dairy industry due to the production of yogurt, sour cream, buttermilk.

20. Alcoholic Fermentation Glucose 2 Pyruvic acid 2 ATP Alcohol + CO 2 4 ATP “Alcoholic Fermentation”

21. Alcoholic Fermentation ****Net gain: 2 ATP **Not very efficient*** Produces Alcohol + CO2 Economic importance to the baking and brewery industries

22. Alcoholic Fermentation Identify what would “X” be?

23. Aerobic Respiration Requires oxygen Takes place in the mitochondria When we say that glucose is oxidized, we say that it is broken down with the help of oxygen molecules

24. Who am I?

25. Who am I? ANSWER The mitochondria

26. Equation for Aerobic Respiration glucose + O 2  H 2 O + CO 2 + 36 ATP’s Again, enzymes are used and a net of 36 ATP’s are produced

27. Aerobic Respiration Glucose 2 Pyruvic acid 2 ATP +4 ATP + O2O2 Water + CO 2 +34 ATP ***Net Gain = 36 ATPs***

28. Aerobic Respiration ***Net Gain = 36 ATPs*** **most efficient ** 2 phases, anaerobic and an aerobic phase Carried out by humans, plants, protists, and a whole lot more.

29. Glucose Glycolysis Cytoplasm Pyruvic acid Electrons carried in NADH Krebs Cycle Electrons carried in NADH and FADH 2 Electron Transport Chain Mitochondrion Figure 9–2 Cellular Respiration: An Overview Mitochondrion Section 9-1

30. Video 1 Click the image to play the video segment. Video 1 Aerobic Respiration

31. Video 2 Click the image to play the video segment. Video 2 Glycolysis

32. Video 3 Click the image to play the video segment. Video 3 Krebs Cycle, Part 1

33. Aerobic Respiration 3 steps

34. Summary Anaerobic Respiration = 2 ATP’s Aerobic Respiration = 36 ATP’s Therefore, Aerobic respiration is more efficient than anaerobic respiration

35. Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

36. Aerobic Respiration and Photosynthesis http://www.dnr.state.wi.us/org/water/fhp/lakes/under/oxygen.htm

37. Are the lights that hang over this lab setup on or off? Carbon Dioxide Output vs. Time

39. Aerobic Respiration glucose + O 2  H 2 O + CO 2 +energy (36ATP’s) Photosynthesis H 2 O + CO 2 +energy  glucose + H 2 O + O 2

40. Adaptations for Respiration

41. Monera, Protista, and Fungi Gas exchange occurs by diffusion through a thin, moist cell membrane

42. Plants Leaves- have stomates for gas exchange Stems- have lenticels for gas exchange Roots- gas exchange occurs across a moist membrane of root hairs (diffusion)

43. Hydra Each cell of the hydra is in contact with the watery environment and gas exchange occurs by diffusion

44. Earthworm Double Diffusion –Skin –Circulatory System Requires moist skin The earthworm absorbs oxygen and gives off carbon dioxide through a thin skin. This skin is protected by a thin cuticle secreted by the epidermis and kept moist by a slimy mucus also produced by epidermal cells.

45. Grasshopper Uses Tracheal Tubes Air Sacs Spiracles

46. TO RESPIRE: inhaling and exhaling… Inhalation = O 2 (oxygen) enters the body system Exhalation =CO 2 (carbon dioxide) is passed out of the body

47. Your Respiratory System Nose (nasal cavity) Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles alveoli pleura diaphragm

48. You’re doing A fine job dear….

49. Your Metabolism has two major phases. Catabolism- the breaking down of complex substances. The destructive phase of your metabolism AKA: Anabolism- the building of new substances. AKA- (Digestion or Hydrolysis) Synthesis

50. A process by which simple substances are combined “chemically” to form more complex substances. –These materials are used for growth and repair of the organism.

51. The Borg Ingestion Growth Synthesis Transport Digestion

52. Cells synthesize (or makes) their own proteins, fats, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids. use enzymes and energy to synthesize proteins, as do you…. Cells must constantly make new materials for growth and repair.

53. Secretion Some cells synthesize materials that are not used within that cell, but are needed somewhere else. Such products are called secretions.

54. Types of Secretions 1.Enzymes – maltase, lactase, and luciferase 2.Hormones – adrenaline, testosterone, and insulin 3.Neurotransmitters –acetylcholine and noradrenalin

55. 4. Other types of Secretion: Mucus- coats organs Chitin- exoskeletons and fungal cell walls Poisons- defense and capturing food

56. Hydrochloric acid- for enzymatic hydrolysis Saliva Fat- Storage, insulation and protection Like ear wax Cellulose- cell walls

57. Luciferase is the enzyme that allows bioluminescent reactions to occur in fireflies.

58. Aerobic Respiration Glucose + O 2  H 2 O + CO 2 + 36 ATP’s Again, enzymes are used and a net of 36 ATP’s are producedAgain, enzymes are used and a net of 36 ATP’s are produced Equations for Anaerobic Respiration Equations for Anaerobic Respiration 1. Lactic Acid Fermentation glucose  2 lactic acids + 2 ATP’s 2. Alcoholic Fermentation glucose  2 alcohol + 2 CO 2 + 2 ATP’s In each equation, enzymes are used and a net gain of 2 ATP’s are produced