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Endocrine Glands
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Chemical Messengers Autocrine Paracrine Endocrine Pheromone Allomone
self signal Paracrine neighbor signal Endocrine distant signal Pheromone airborne signal same species Allomone different species
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Hormone Types
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Homeostasis Mechanism
Receptors input signals skin responds to cold temperature sends signal to brain Control Center integrating center brain interprets temp signal makes you shiver Effectors output mechanism muscles shiver creating heat
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Negative Feedback Results in an immediate reversal
of the imbalanced system Immediately negates the disruption Most systems in the body work via negative feedback systems temperature glucose balance water balance blood pressure
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Positive Feedback Immediate further disruption of the
imbalance so as to later return to homeostasis childbirth ovulation
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Positive Feedback: Childbirth
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Neuroendocrine Reflex
Baby suckling stimulates receptors on the nipple Action potential travels to the hypothalamus Hypothalamus sends oxytocin to posterior pituitary gland Posterior pituitary releases oxytocin into the blood stream Oxytocin travels to the breast and triggers milk release
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Posterior Pituitary Hormones synthesized in the hypothalamus
Released by the posterior pituitary Oxytocin milk ejection orgasm Vasopressin or ADH water balance blood pressure
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Anterior Pituitary Releasing hormones synthesized in the hypothalamus
CRF/CRH GnRH GHRH TRH PRH Triggers hormone release in anterior pituitary ACTH LH/FSH GH TSH PRL
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The Stress Continuum
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Stress The process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging
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HPA Axis Hypothalamus CRF/CRH Pituitary ACTH Adrenals Cortisol
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Stress and Hormone Release
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Stress Diathesis Model
Existing Correlations: Adult Depression : Elevated Cortisol levels Childhood Abuse : Adult Depression Stress Diathesis Model: Genetic Predisposition plus Early Abuse/Neglect leads to Adult Depression Animal Model shows: More CRF neurons Larger CRF neurons More sensitive CRF neurons Early abuse permanently alters the stress response increasing the risk of depression
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General Adaptation Syndrome
(GAS) 1. Alarm Reaction 2. Resistance Reaction 3. Exhaustion
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