1.  For each gene your hip-hop fish inherited describe the:  phenotype  genotype and if heterozygous, homozygous dominant, or homozygous recessive  percent chance of your hip-hop offspring inheriting this genotype from the parents (use the punnett squares you made of the traits)  Draw the offpsring  Look back at the Punnett squares you made –if you use the same parents - what are the chances of the 50th offspring inheriting a black tail? REVIEW

2. 1 in 20,000 people worldwide 4 different types: 1 & 2 are the most common type 1 is caused by a mutation in a gene on chromosome 11. Type 2 is caused by a mutation in a gene on chromosome 15. These genes normally provide the instructions for making proteins involved in the production of melanin. Melanin is the pigment that gives your skin, eyes, and hair color.. A mutation may result in no to little melanin production. Red eyes = lack of color Recessive inherited trait Percent chance of inheritance? Vision impairment is common OCULOCUTANEOUS ALBINISM

3. You should be able to: Identify, Describe, and Explain/discuss How genes are inherited DNA mutations How mutations can occur OBJECTIVE 6: INHERITANCE AND MUTATIONS

4. inherit offspringgeneration Gregor Mendelgeneticstrait hybridPunnett squares dominant recessivecrossprocreate phenotypegenotypehomozygous heterozygousallele expressed crosspure breedsibling VOCABULARY

5. How we can become genetically different from our parents and siblings:  Cross over during meiosis  SNP’s  Environmental mutations GENETIC DIFFERENCES Royal Family portrait, 1937. King George VI, Princess Elizabeth, Queen Elizabeth and Princess Margaret.

6. Meiosis: purpose is to make eggs and sperm cells http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=toWK0fIyFlYhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=toWK0fIyFlY (meiosis) Meiosis occurs during fetus phase in females and thru-out life in males

7. SNP’S Where would mutations occur? https://www.23andme.com/gen101/snps/ When parents pass their genes down to their children, an average of 60 errors are introduced to the genetic code. ” (Wolchover 2011) Mutations can only be inherited if the mutations are in the DNA of the ovum or sperm.

8. 1.What are the 3 ways we discussed that lead to a mutation in the DNA? 2.What specifically is mutated and what is the possible outcome of the mutation? 3.How does an offspring inherit a mutation from a parent? (Where must the mutation occur?) 4.Are all muatations harmful? Elaborate. REVIEW

9. Radiation bombards the DNA with enough energy to damage DNA Copying errors occur during meisosis or mitosis The more frequently DNA is copied, the higher the chance of mutations occurring Chemical compounds and exposure: Dr. Tyrone Hayes and evidence from frog research ENVIRONMENTAL MUTATIONS

10. Recent studies in Scandinavia show that non- genetic influences, account for more than 50 percent of cancer risk. (Human health) Normal cells have an expiration date Toxins damage the DNA directly or during the repair process mistakes are made Cancer cells do not expire – they continue to divide.  People who smoke are 15 to 30 times more likely to get lung cancer. (CDC 2013)  Nonsmokers exposed to secondhand smoke increase risk of developing lung cancer by 20– 30% (CDC 2014).  Chronic exposure to UV radiation increases the risk melanoma (New Genetic Study)  Alcohol consumption increases the risk of pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), esophagus, breast, and liver cancer. (Alcohol use and cancer) COPYING MUTATIONS = CANCER https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3wHYOEe AsD8https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3wHYOEe AsD8 How cancer starts)

11. How to compete the gentoypes sheet: 1.Record the genotypes of all homozygous recessive first. 2.If a parent has a dominant trait, record them as heterozygous or homozygous dominant (write in both genotypes) 3.If both parents and you have a domininat trait then record the gentoypes as heterozygous or homozygous dominant (write in both genotypes) YouMomdad Number of Digits (X, x) Digits (Toes & fingers - fused/normal) YOUR PHENOTYPES AND GENOTYPES

12. Works Cited "Alcohol Use and Cancer." American Cancer Society, 2 Dec. 2012. Web. 23 Mar. 2014.. CDC. "Health Effects of Secondhand Smoke." Smoking and Tobacco Use. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 05 Mar. 2014. Web. 23 Mar. 2014.. CDC. "What Are the Risk Factors?" Lung Cancer. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 21 Nov. 2013. Web. 23 Mar. 2014.. Clancy, Suzanne, Ph.D. "DNA Damage & Repair: Mechanisms for Maintaining DNA Integrity." Nature.com. Nature Publishing Group, 2008. Web. 24 Mar. 2014. "New Genetic Study Strengthens Link Between UV Radiation and Melanoma." Skin Cancer Foundation, n.d. Web. 25 Mar. 2014. "Transcript of "The Toxic Baby"" Tyrone Hayes + Penelope Jagessar Chaffer: The Toxic Baby. Ted Talks, Mar. 2012. Web. 01 Feb. 2015.. Wade, Nicholas. "Analysis of Neanderthal Genome Points To Interbreeding With Modern Humans." The New York Times, 07 May 2010. Web. 03 Feb. 2013.. "What Is a Gene Mutation and How Do Mutations Occur? - Genetics Home Reference."Genetics Home Reference - Your Guide to Understanding Genetic Conditions. Web. 29 Jan. 2012.. Wolchover, Natalie. "How Many Genetic Mutations Do I Have? | LifesLittleMysteries.com."Home | LifesLittleMysteries.com. 16 June 2011. Web. 29 Jan. 2012..