1. Pregnancy and Childbirth
Chapter 11

2. Pregnancy and Prenatal Development
11:1
Pregnancy and Prenatal Development

3. Pregnancy
Pregnancy is the condition of carrying a developing child within the uterus
It begins with conception and implantation

4. Pregnancy
Conception occurs when one sperm and one egg unite and chromosome combine this is called a zygote
A five day old zygote is called a blastocyte and attaches itself to the uterine wall
Two groups of cells form, one will be the placenta and the other the baby
Two different eggs fertilized will result in fraternal twins
Identical twins result wen a single fertilized egg divides into two identical zygotes

5. Signs of Pregnancy Missed menstrual cycle Feel very tired
Morning sickness

6. Pregnancy Test Test in doctor’s office most accurate
Six to eight weeks into pregnancy a pelvic examination by doctor will help confirm the pregnancy
Proper Prenatal care
The first three months are the most critical for proper development of a growing baby

7. Prenatal Development
The prenatal period is the time from conception until birth
9 calendar months or 280 days
The first two months the growing baby is called an embryo
The last seven months it is called a fetus

8. The support Systems
The embryo’s support system consists of four parts:
The amniotic sac
Amniotic fluid
Placenta
Umbilical cord

9. The Amniotic Sac and Fluid
The amniotic sac is a membrane that surrounds and protects the baby until birth
Amniotic Fluid
Protect against injury
Provides an even temperature
Enables the fetus to move easily
Aids in the birth of the baby

10. The Placenta
The placenta is an organ in which the mother’s blood vessels meet with the baby’s.
The mother’s and baby’s blood do not mix instead oxygen and nutrient pass through the walls
Waste pass from baby to mother
It breathes, digest nutrients and excretes waste for the baby

11. The Umbilical Cord
The placenta connects to the embryo by the umbilical cord
The flow of blood through the cord keeps it untangled

12. The Embryo Stage Specific development
Heart, eyes, ears, hand and feet
Poor nutrition and harmful substances can adversely affect the development during this stage
Extremely critical period in the formation of the growing embryo

13. The Fetal Stage From the 3rd month to birth
Organs grow and function and systems develop and work together
Premature born before development is complete
By the 9th month the fetus has reached full term and and is ready to be born

14. 11:2
Prenatal Care

15. Sources of Health Care Obstetrician-gynecologist Family practitioner
Certified nurse-midwife

16. Testing for Birth Defects
AFP screening – blood test done between week 15th and 18th week
Measure the amount of alphafetoprotein
Ultrasound
Amniocentesis

17. Diet and Nutrition Diet high in folate or folic acid
Eat a well-balanced diet
Weight gain on average is pounds

18. Physical Activity
Important for general health and well-being of pregnant woman
Should discuss any exercise program with her doctor

19. Rest and Sleep Handling Stress
The first 3 months and the last few weeks of pregnancy are usually the most tiring
Should try to avoid long periods of continued stress
Long term stress can affect the development of the fetus

20. Illness Common infectious disease
STIs – Sexually transmitted infections
Preeclampsia – high blood pressure, swelling and protein in the urine
Stillbirth – the birth of a dead fetus

21. Use of drugs Drugs cross from the mother’s bloodstream into the babies
The baby’s liver can not break down the drugs and will harm the baby
If the mother is addicted to a drug, so will her baby
A pregnant woman should consult her doctor before taking over the counter medications.

22. The Effects of Smoking Poisonous gases passed to the baby
Fetus receives fewer nutrients and less oxygen

23. The Effects of Alcohol
Alcohol is the third leading cause of birth defects in this country
Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) – a pattern of physical and mental birth defects in children born of alcoholic mothers
Short in stature
Heads may be small
Small eye openings
Development is slow
May be mentally retarded
Many have behavioral problems

24. Effects of Radiation
Women who suspect they are pregnant should not have x-rays

25. Miscarriage
A baby born before the sixth month, too early to have developed enough for survival in the outside world
15-20% of pregnancies end in miscarriage

26. 11:3
Preparing for the Baby

27. Planning for the Baby’s Physical Needs
Items the baby will need
Clothing
Place to sleep
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
Experts recommend:
Placing infants on back to sleep
Firm mattress to sleep on
No pillows, blankets, or toys in the bed

28. Planning for Delivery
Natural Childbirth – little or no anesthesia to block the mother’s pain
Lamaze method help mothers control the pain of childbirth by focusing on a breathing techniques to help relax her muscles

29. Planning for Delivery
Leboyer method a comforting outside environment similar to the fetus’s environment is provided at birth’s
Lights dim
Soft music played
Played in a warm bath after and then dried and placed in a warm blanket

30. Planning for Delivery
Cesarean delivery (C-section) surgical method of delivering a baby
Labor abnormal or infant is in danger
The baby’s head is large and the mother’s pelvis is small
Mother had pervious C-sections
The baby is breech birth – baby is positioned for birth buttocks first

31. Place of Delivery Hospitals
Family-centered childbirth- allows father, children and other family members to be in the delivery room
Birthing rooms- delivery rooms are a home like setting
Rooming-in- the mother can have the baby stay in her room

32. Breast Feeding or Bottle Feeding
Lactation is the production of milk in the breasts
The benefits on chart
Bottle feeding is similar to breast milk in the amount of nutrients
Less strain on the parents’ schedules because others can easily feed the baby

33. 11:4
The Baby Arrives

34. The Stages of Labor
Labor is the term used to describe the contractions of the uterus

35. The Stages of Labor First Stage of Labor Averaging 4-16 hours
When contractions are regular, true labor has begun
Continues until the contractions have fully dilated the cervix around 10 centimeters
The baby’s head enters the birth canal

36. The Stages of Labor Second Stage of Labor
Cervix is fully dilated and the baby’s head is in the birth canal
Ends when the baby is born
Lasting form 5-45 minutes
Labor pains are most severe at this point

37. The Stages of Labor
In the third stage of labor, the uterus continues to contract. This causes the afterbirth (the Placenta) to be expelled.

38. The Newborn Condition of the new born is assessed often
with the Apgar scale. This is assessed at one minute then five minutes after the baby is born. They are looking at heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, color, and reflexes

39. Newborn Screenings
Research has shown that some newborn deficiencies can be corrected if detected early.

40. Adjusting to the Newborn
Postpartum period
Bonding