1. Periodic Table Trends and Similarities

2. Trends of the Periodic Table: At the conclusion of our time together, you should be able to: 1. Give a trend across and down the Periodic Table for metallic characteristics, reactivity, atomic radius and ion radius, electron affinity, ionization energy, and electronegativity. 2. Pick the element with the higher trend above from a list of several elements

3. Trends In The Periodic Table: Ionization Energy Atomic Radius Electron Affinity Electronegativity, Etc.

4. Periodic Trends Try to determine the trends by looking at the charts on p. 11.

5. Atomic Radius ½ the distance between the nuclei of two identical atoms that are bonded together.

6. Atomic Radius Trends

7. Atomic Radius Trend Explanation. 1. Electron-electron repulsion makes radius larger, very weak interactions. 2. Proton – electron attraction = smaller atom 3. Energy level, n (distance from the nucleus), as they go higher = larger atom

8. Atomic Radius Trends Top to Bottom Left to Right Increases (larger size atom) Decreases (smaller size atom)

9. Ionization Energy The energy (effort) required to remove one electron from a neutral atom.

10. Ionization Energy Trends

11. Ionization Energy Trend Explanation The closer to the nucleus (smaller atomic radius), the harder to take an electron away. The farther away from the nucleus (larger atomic radius), the easier it is to take an electron away.

12. Ionization Energy Trends Top to Bottom Left to Right DecreasesIncreases

13. Electron Affinity The energy change that occurs when a neutral atom acquires an electron. Energy is released from the atom. Atoms that really want another electron tend to release more energy.

14. Electron Affinity Trends Top to Bottom Left to Right Decreases (less energy released) Increases (more energy released) Noble Gases = 0

15. Electronegativity A measurement of the ability of an atom in a chemical compound to attract electrons. (how strongly an atom holds onto its own electrons and how strongly it needs another electron) Most electronegative element – Fluorine (F) It is assigned the number 4 All other values are based on this value.

16. Electronegativity Trends

17. Top to Bottom Left to Right DecreasesIncreases

18. Ionic Radius 1. Cations lose electrons, therefore they tend to be Positive Ions - Metals 2. Anions gain electrons, therefore they tend to be Negative Ions - Nonmetals

21. Ionic Radius Trends Less e repulsion = More e repulsion = smaller radiuslarger radius

22. Ionic Radius Trends Cations -lost electron(s) (Metals)Anions -gained electron(s) (Nonmetals) Smaller (compared to original atom) Larger

23. Metallic Character 1.Low ionization energy 2.Low electronegativities 3.High luster – shiny 4.Good conductor or electricity and heat 5.Malleable and ductile Most metallic element = Francium

24. Metallic Characteristic Trends Top to Bottom Left to Right IncreasesDecreases Conductivity Shininess Malleability Ductility

25. Non Metallic Character 1.High ionization energy 2.High electronegativities 3.Little or no metallic luster 4.Poor electrical and thermal conductors 5.Fewer solids Most nonmetallic element = Fluorine

26. Metalloid Character 1.Characteristics of both metals and nonmetals 2.Electronegativities between those of metals and nonmetals 3.Ionization energies between those of metals and nonmetals. 4.Boiling pts, Melting pts and Densities vary widely

27. 1.High luster 2.Brittle 3. Good conductor Silicone

28. Reactivity Trends metals ….Francium nonmetals …Fluorine Top to BottomLeft to Right Increases with Metals Decreases with Nonmetals Decreases with Metals Increases with Nonmetals

29. Density Mass of a Material / Volume of that Material

30. Density Trends

31. Top to Bottom Left to Right Increase Increases then Decreases

32. Boiling Point Temperature at which a system moves from the liquid state to the gaseous state. The external pressure pushing into the liquid is equal to the internal pressure pushing out of the liquid.

33. Melting Point The temperature at which a solid becomes a liquid. The external pressure pushing into the solid is equal to the internal pressure pushing out of the solid.

34. Boiling Point Trends

35. Boiling/Melting Point Trends Top to Bottom Left to Right Increases except Groups 1, 2, 12, 13, 14 Increases then Decreases

36. Trends of the Periodic Table: Let’s see if you can: 1. Give a trend across and down the Periodic Table for metallic characteristics, reactivity, atomic radius and ion radius, electron affinity, ionization energy, electronegativity, density, melting point and boiling point 2. Pick the element with the higher trend above from a list of several elements