1. THE PROGRESSIVE MOVEMENT 1890 - 1920

2. ORIGINS OF PROGRESSIVISM As America entered into the 20 th century, middle class reformers addressed many social problems Work conditions, rights for women and children, economic reform, environmental issues and social welfare were a few of these issues

3. OBJECTIVES: 1. Causes of the Progressive Movement 2. Analyze the role Journalists played in the Progressive Movement 3. What were some of the social reforms 4. What were some of the political reforms

4. FOUR GOALS OF REFORMERS 1) Protect Social Welfare 2) Promote Moral Improvement 3) Create Economic Reform 4) Foster Efficiency

5. 1.PROTECT SOCIAL WELFARE Industrialization in the late 19 th century was largely unregulated Employers felt little responsibility toward their workers As a result Settlement homes and churches served the community Also the YMCA and Salvation Army took on service roles

6. 2. PROMOTE MORAL DEVELOPMENT Some reformers felt that the answer to societies problems was personal behavior They proposed such reforms as prohibition Groups wishing to ban alcohol included the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)

7. 3. CREATE ECONOMIC REFORM The Panic of 1893 prompted some Americans to question the capitalist economic system As a result some workers embraced socialism Eugene Debs organized the American Socialist Party in 1901 Debs encouraged workers to reject American Capitalism

8. 4. FOSTERING EFFICIENCY Many Progressive leaders put their faith in scientific principles to make society better In Industry, Frederick Taylor began using time & motion studies to improve factory efficiency Taylorism became an Industry fad as factories sought to complete each task quickly

9. American Lifestyles at the turn of the Century Annual wage of American workers: $400- $500 Cook: $5/week or $260/year Maid: $3.50/week or $180/year

10. FACTORY WAGES MASSACHUSETTS MILL PAID 14 CENTS/HOUR NATION’S STEEL WORKERS less than 18 cents/hour TOOK $800 /YEAR TO SUPPORT A FAMILY = 110 HOURS/WEEK

11. MILLIONAIRES 1900: 1% of population owned over 80% of the wealth Andrew Carnegie earned over $23,000,000 (no income Tax )

12. Change needed : Government had to play a greater role in regulating business, public health and safety

13. MUCKRAKERS Journalists whose writings began in the late 1800s Exposed corruption in business and politics

14. MUCKRAKERS CRITICIZE BIG BUSINESS Though most progressives did not embrace socialism, many writers saw the truth in Debs’ criticism Journalists known as “Muckrakers” exposed corruption in business Ida Tarbell exposed Standard Oil Company’s cut-throat methods of eliminating competition Ida Tarbell Some view Michael Moore as a modern muckraker

15. THE JUNGLE UPTON SINCLAIR

16. Described in gory detail the unhealthy practices in meatpacking plants

17. PROGRESSIVES Jacob Riis Exposed Tenement housing

19. The Jungle; Upton Sinclair

20. PROTECTING WORKING CHILDREN As the number of child workers rose, reformers worked to end child labor Children were more prone to accidents caused by fatigue Nearly every state limited or banned child labor by 1918

21. EFFORTS TO LIMIT HOURS The Supreme Court and the states enacted or strengthened laws reducing women’s hours of work Progressives also succeeded in winning worker’s compensation to aid families of injured workers

22. Settlement Houses Jane Addams

23. Social Reforms Safer working conditions Shorter work days

24. RISE of SWEATSHOPS Violates 2 or more of the basic labor laws: Child Labor Minimum wage abuse/overtime Fire safety

25. ELECTION REFORM Citizens fought for, and won, such measures as secret ballots, referendum votes, and the recall Citizens could petition and get initiatives on the ballot In 1899, Minnesota passed the first statewide primary system

26. DIRECT ELECTION OF SENATORS Before 1913, each state’s legislature had chosen its own U.S. senators To force senators to be more responsive to the public, progressives pushed for the popular election of senators As a result, Congress passed the 17 th Amendment (1913)

28. Constitutional Amendments Amendment 16: income tax (1913) Amendment 17: direct election of senators, Amendment 18: Prohibition (1919) Amendment 19: Women’s Suffrage (1920)

29. Roosevelt takes on the food industry! In response to The Jungle, Roosevelt pushes through the Meat Inspection Act, so that the gov’t could check out all meat products crossing state lines for health concerns. The Food and Drug Act did the same for medicines. Today, we have the FDA.

30. Roosevelt: the Environmentalist

31. Conservation under Roosevelt 150 National Forests 51 Fed. Bird reservations 5 National Parks 18 National Monuments 7 conservation conferences

32. Roosevelt Corollary “ A Civilized nation had the right to stop chronic wrongdoing throughout the western hemisphere.” Reassertion of the Monroe Doctrine to keep the Western Hemisphere free from intervention by European powers

34. Great White Fleet President Roosevelt won support from Congress to build the Great White Fleet, a force of sixteen new battleships. He then sent the fleet on a world cruise in 1907 to demonstrate the nation’s growing military power.

39. PANAMA CANAL 1904-1914 $352,000,000 80,000 workers 30,000 deaths

40. The United States needed permission from Colombia, which owned the Isthmus of Panama. Colombia wanted more money than the United States was willing to pay. Roosevelt dispatched U.S. warships to the waters off Panama to support a Panamanian rebellion against Columbia. The United States recognized the Panamanian government. Roosevelt negotiated to lease the “Canal Zone” from the new Panamanian government for $10 million and an annual rent. The Panama Canal was constructed between 1904 and1913.