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18 Food Resources
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World Food Security Feeding growing population is difficult 852 Mil people lack access to food (needed for healthy lives) 3 Billion people are malnourished Annual grain production has increased from 1961–2008 Due to increasing population, amount of grain per person has not increased ** 2 areas of the world with the greatest food insecurity South Asia sub-Saharan Africa
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World Food Security Famine Temporary but severe shortage of food Developing nations most at risk More people die from malnutrition than starvation associated with famine Malnutrition condition that results from eating a diet in which certain nutrients are lacking, in excess Starvation severe deficiency in caloric energy, nutrient, and vitamin intake (Most extreme form of malnutrition)
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World Food Security Maintaining World Grain Stocks Amounts of grains remaining from previous harvest Provides measure of food security Decreased each year since mid 1980’s In 2010, UN estimated that carryover stock would last 72 days 15 species of plants provide the bulk of food
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Food Production The most common foods eaten in the world today are
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Decline in Grain Stock Rising temps Falling water tables & droughts Ethanol production More grain for feeding livestock Increased meat consumption in developing countries
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World Food Security Economics and Politics Cost money to store, produce, transport & distribute food Getting food to those who need it is political Poverty & Food main cause of undernutrition & malnutrition is POVERTY 1.3 billion people cannot afford proper nutrition More common in Rural areas Infants, children and the elderly
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Types of Agriculture Industrialized agriculture High input of capital Lower inputs of energy high yields Requires less land Subsistence agriculture Produces enough to feed a family High input of manual energy Low productions yields Types Slash and burn, nomadic, Intercropping
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Animals as food 40% of calories consumed in developed countries 5% of calories consumed in developing countries Mutton - Sheep
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Energy Inputs in Industrialized Agriculture
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Challenges of Producing More Crops Domestication & Genetic Diversity Farmer selects and propagate animals / plants with desirable agricultural characteristics Domestication of crops & livestock causes a loss of genetic diversity Can result in large famine Genetic Diversity is needed for long term health and survival Flavor, nutritional, color and size differences.
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Challenges of Producing More Crops Balance of fertilizer Use of pesticides & herbicides Genetic engineering Selective breeding (< variety) Better features but everyone wants to grow the best Germplasm Bank any plant or animal that may be used for breeding Plants (seed & plant tissue) Livestock (egg and sperm) To preserve diversity Store older more diverse varieties
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Challenges of Producing More Livestock Increasing Livestock Yields Hormone supplements US and Canada, not used in Europe Antibiotics 40% of antibiotics produced in US are used in livestock Problems with increased bacteria resistance- some bacteria are resistant to every antibiotic known (TDR-TB & XDR-TB) Studies have show the overuse use of antibiotics is the direct cause of antibiotic resistance
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Genetic Engineering Manipulation of genes take specific gene from one species and put it into the genome another species (may be related may be not) Used to produce Genetically Modified (GM) food Ex: golden rice - rich in beta carotene (prevent Vitamin A deficiency in developing countries) Plants that are tolerant to insect pests, heat, cold, drought, or acidic soils (Monsanto) More productive farm animals Cows that can make milk & silk in there milk
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Unmodified VS drought resistant GM corn
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Safety in Genetic Engineering Determined to be safe for human consumption Concerns about GMO seed or pollen spreading in wild (cross pollination) Currently does not appear to be an issue GMO plants no longer produce pollen or seeds Long term unknown Backlash against GMOs - especially in Europe Scared that genes could somehow move to weeds (has not been show) GMOs are not currently labeled FDA found it would be counterproductive & expensive
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?? GMO vs. selective breeding ?? Selective breeding Taking 2 of the best of something and breeding it to get something hopefully better Usually use inbreeding (decreases variance) Dogs & cats are a good example Genetic Modification The use of antibiotic resistant genes Use small segments of DNA (that have a function) and put it into another organism so that it has a new function DNA used are already in common foods Salmon genes 1 Special Salmon 2 Carotene from carrots Rice (golden rice)
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Environmental Impacts of Agriculture
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Solutions to Agricultural Problems- Sustainable Agriculture Agricultural methods that maintain soil productivity & a healthy ecological balance while having minimal long-term impacts Decrease pesticide use, Increase biodiversity, manage wetlands & water, increase soil health, minimize commercial fertilizers and move away from monoculture farming.
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Sustainable Agriculture Examples Natural Predator-prey relationships instead of pesticides Problem when invasive predators are brought in. Crop rotation & conservation tillage Supplying nitrogen with legumes Organic agriculture (What does it mean to be “organic”) One definition - Form of agriculture that relies on techniques such as crop rotation, green manure, compost, and biological pest control (But there are lots of different def.) Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Limited use of pesticides with sustainable agriculture practices
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Fisheries of the World - Problems No nation lays claim to open ocean Resource susceptible to overuse and degradation Overharvesting Many species are at point of severe depletion 62% of world’s fish stock are in need of mngt. action Magnuson Fishery Conservation Act (1977) regulate the U.S. marine fisheries Magnuson-Sevens Fishery Conservation & Mngt. Act (1996) requires protection of “essential fish habitats”
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Fisheries of the World - Problems Ocean Pollution (dumping ground) Oil Heavy metals Deliberate litter dumping Storm water runoff from cities and agricultural areas Aquaculture Growing of aquatic organisms for human consumption Great potential to supply food Finfish, shellfish, seaweeds, oyster, mussels, clams, lobsters Locations of fisheries may hurt natural habitats Produce waste that pollutes adjacent water
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World Seafood Harvest
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Sophisticated fishing equipment
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