1. OLIGOPOLY Chapter 16

2. The Spectrum of Market Structures

3. Imperfect Competition Market structures that fall between perfect competition and pure monopoly. Industries in which firms have competitors but do not face so much competition that they are price takers.

4. Types of Imperfectly Competitive Markets Oligopoly ä Only a few sellers, each offering a similar or identical product to the others. Monopolistic Competition ä Many firms selling products that are similar but not identical.

5. Characteristics of an Oligopoly Market Few sellers offering similar or identical products Interdependent firms Best off cooperating and acting like a monopolist by producing a small quantity of output and charging a price above marginal cost Because of the few sellers, the actions of any one seller in the market can have a large impact on the profits of all the other seller

6. Duopoly Example A duopoly is an oligopoly with only two members. It is the simplest type of oligopoly. Oligopolies pay attentions to rival firms behaviour Each firm can influence the price, and hence affect rival firms.

7. Outcome from Duopoly \ Oligopoly They may agree on a monopoly outcome. ä Collusion â The two firms may agree on the quantity to produce and the price to charge. ä Cartel â The two firms may join together and act in unison.

8. Nash Equilibrium Nash equilibrium is a situation in which economic actors interacting with one another each choose their best strategy given the strategies that all the others have chosen.

9. Game Theory and the Economics of Cooperation Game theory is the study of how people behave in strategic situations. Strategic decisions are those in which each person (firm) in deciding what actions to take, must consider how others (firms) might respond to that action. Because the number of firms in an oligopolistic market is small, each firm must act strategically.

10. Game Theory and the Prisoners’ Dilemma The prisoners’ dilemma illustrates the difficulty in maintaining cooperation. ä Often people (firms) fail to cooperate with one another even when cooperation would make them better off.

11. The Prisoners’ Dilemma The dominant strategy is the best strategy for a player to follow regardless of the strategies pursued by other players. Cooperation is difficult to maintain, because cooperation is not in the best interest of the individual player. Self-interest makes it difficult for the oligopoly to maintain a cooperative outcome with low production, high prices, and monopoly profits. The monopoly outcome is jointly rational for the oligopoly, but each oligopolist has an incentive to cheat.

12. Example of the Prisoners’ Dilemma Prisoner A’s Decision ConfessDeny Prisoner B’s Decision Deny Confess 3 years eachA gets 6 years B gets 2 years A gets 2 years B gets 6 years 1 year each

13. Other Examples of the Prisoners’ Dilemma U.S.’ Decision ArmDisarm USSR’s Decision Disarm Arm Both countries at risk U.S. at risk and weak USSR safe and powerful U.S. safe and powerful USSR at risk and weak Both countries safe

14. Other Examples of the Prisoners’ Dilemma Marlboro’s Decision AdvertiseDon’t Advertise Camel’s Decision Don’t Advertise Advertise £3 billion profit for each Marlboro gets £2 billion profit Camel gets £5 billion profit Marlboro gets £5 billion profit Camel gets £2 billion profit £4 billion profit for each

15. Why People Sometimes Cooperate Firms in oligopolies have a strong incentive to collude in order to reduce production, raise prices, and increase profits. Firms that care about future profits will cooperate in repeated games rather than cheating in a single game to achieve a one-time gain.

16. Public Policy Toward Oligopolies Cooperation among oligopolists is undesirable. ä It leads to production that is too low. ä It leads to prices that are too high.