1. Plant Diversity (its not an old wooden ship) Chapter 29-30 Objectives: 1.Understand the 4 main phyla of plants 2.Understand the evolutionary history of plants 3.Look at key adaptations in different groups of plants

3. 1. Four phyla of the plant kingdom a)Bryophytes (mosses) – 18,000 extant species, non-vascular plants b)Pteridophytes (ferns) – 13,000 species, seedless, vascular plants c)Gymnosperms (cone-bearing) – 721 species, vascular plants with seeds contained in cones (naked seed) d)Angiosperms (flowering plants) – 250,000 species – vascular plants with seeds contained in flowers/fruit

4. Intertidal Zones

5. 2. Charyophyceans and Land plants Similiarities 1.Rose-shaped proteins that make cellulose 2.Peroxisome enzymes (photorespiration) 3.Sperm structure 4.Formation of cell plate 5.Homologous chloroplasts (DNA)

6. 3. Terrestrial Adaptations Apical meristems (roots/shoots) – better exposure to resources Multicellular, dependent embryos – better protection Alternation of generations – produces more spores (delayed meiosis?) Walled spores – sporopollenin – most durable organic material known Multicellular gametangia – produce many gametes Cuticle, stomata, vascular tissue

7. Sporopollenin

8. Alternation of Generations

9. Bryophytes Liverworts, hornworts, mosses Protonema – 1 cell thick Non-vascular Anchored by rhizoids (no water uptake) Prefer moist environments Gametophyte generation - dominant

10. Moss Sporophytes

11. Moss animation http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/ani mations/content/moss.html

13. Moss Life Cycle

14. Pteridophytes (ferns) Ferns are the most abundant group of seedless vascular plants 75% of species occur in tropics Sporophyte generation is dominant (gametophyte usually hard to find) Frond – leaf Rhizome – underground stem Sori (sorus) – clusters of sporangia (produce spores) Pinnae

15. Fiddleheads

16. Fern Life cycle

17. Sori

18. Gametophyte (prothallus) Young sporophyte

19. Objectives (Day 2) Understand the evolutionary significance of seeds, pollen, and vascular tissue Understand the pollination and fertilization of seed plant

20. Seed Plants 9.Reduced gametophyte – able to be protected inside parental sporophyte for nutrition and protection (UV light) -Spores are now contained inside sporophyte

21. 10. Seeds Plants can live in more diverse terrain Protects embryo from harsh environments Allows for better seed dispersal

22. 11. Pollen Tough outer coat of sporopollenin Male gametophyte Able to travel large distances (reach other plants), created more genetic diversity (gene flow) Specific for each species of plant

23. 12. Gymnosperms 30.8 30.4

24. Gymnosperm Life Cycle

25. 13. Angiosperms 30.11

26. Monocots/Dicots

28. 14. Flowers Pollination is less random Protects embryo

29. Types of fruit

30. 16. Seed Dispersal Fruit has propellers – dispersed by wind Burrs, hooks – animal fur Tasty fruit – digestive tract of animals

31. Exceptions to the rule Complete flowers Incomplete Bisexual (perfect, monoecious) Unisexual (imperfect, dioecious)

32. Flower Diversity Coevolution – pollinators

33. Pollination/Fertilization Pollination – pollen travels from anther to stigma Fertilization – pollen travels from stigma, through style, and fuses with egg inside ovary Plants can prevent self-fertilization (preserve genetic variation)

34. Gametophyte development

35. Due Monday Ch. 39 reading guide 8 diagrams