1. Coasts and Coral Reefs

2. Marine Biome The largest Biome on Earth Biome is a space on Earth with specific kinds of plants and animals which exist together

3. Marine environments are divided into zones with the same general features Classified based on light, temperature, salinity depth, latitude, and water density 2 main zones :

4. Benthic Supralittoral Littoral (intertidal) Sublittoral (subtidal) Bathyal Abyssal Hadal

5. Pelagic (Open Ocean) Neritic –Near shore over the continental shelf Oceanic- beyond the continental shelf By depth Epipelagic Mesopelagic Bathypelagic Abyssopelagic By light Photic Euphotic Disphotic Aphotic

7. Coasts Includes zone effected by the processes that occur at the shore, beach, shores, sand dunes, cliffs Over 440,000 km of shore Location depends on Uplift Erosion Redistribution of material by sediment transport Active and passive coasts Erosional or depositional

10. Sea level has been at current elevation for 2500 years Sea level has varied 410 feet below current level 18,000 years ago

12. Coasts are affected by sea level changes Sea levels varies because of…. Glaciation Sea floor spreading Temperature Tectonic motions Storms and currents

14. Depositional Coasts Affected by Currents, waves, erosion, storms, etc. Rip currents When a group of incoming waves pies an excess water on the landward side of the surf zone than the long shore current can carry away

15. Rip Current Video

16. Now lets work or way off the coast…..

17. Intertidal Zones The intertidal area (also called the littoral zone) is where the land and sea meet, between the high and low tide zones.

18. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS of the littoral zone: Moisture: The littoral zone is covered with salt water at high tides, and it is exposed to the air at low tides. Organisms must be adapted to both very wet and very dry conditions.

19. Water Movement The turbulence of the water is another reason that this area can be very difficult one in which to survive - the rough waves can dislodge or carry away organisms. Many intertidal animals burrow into the sand (like clams), live under rocks, or attach themselves to rocks (like barnacles and mussels).

20. Temperature: ranges from the moderate temperature of the water to air temperatures that vary from below freezing to scorching.

21. Salinity: Depressions on the shores sometimes form tide pools, areas that remain wet, although they are not long-lasting features. The salinity of tide pools varies from the salinity of the sea to from much more salty due to evaporation to much less salty, when rainwater or runoff dilutes it.

22. Vertical Zones: The littoral zone is divided into vertical zones: spray zone, high tide zone, middle tide zone, and low tide zone.

24. spray zone high tide zone middle tide zone low tide zone Subtidal zone

26. Spray Zone: Also called the Upper Littoral, Fringe, the Splash Zone, and the Barnacle Belt. This area is dry much of the time, but is sprayed with salt water during high tides. It is only flooded during storms and extremely high tides. Tiny organisms called meiofauna live in spaces between sand grains and help filter water from land before it reaches the ocean.

27. Barnacles, isopods, lichens, lice, limpets, periwinkles, and whelks

28. High Tide Zone: Also called the Upper Mid-littoral Zone or high intertidal zone. This area is flooded only during high tide.

29. Barnacles, brittle stars, chitons, green algae, isopods, limpets, mussels, sea stars, whelks

30. Middle Tide Zone: Also called the Lower Mid- littoral Zone. This turbulent area is covered and uncovered twice a day with salt water from the tides.

31. Barnacles, chitons, crabs, green algae, limpets, mussels, sea lettuce, sea palms, sea stars, sponges, whelks

32. Low Tide Zone: Also called the Lower Littoral Zone. This area is usually under water - it is only exposed when the tide is unusually low. Organisms in this zone are not well adapted to long periods of dryness or to extreme temperatures.

33. Abalone, anemones, brown seaweed, chitons, crabs, green algae, hydroids, isopods, limpets, mussels, nudibranch, sea cucumbers, sea lettuce, sea urchins, shrimp, sponges, tube worms, whelks

35. Competition in the Intertidal zone  Plants and animals compete for food and for space in the intertidal.  Some organisms grow faster and physically overrun their competitors.  For example, large acorn barnacles (Balanus glandula) overrun the small acorn barnacles (Chthamalus fissus).  Some organisms are stronger competitors because they move faster or filter water for plankton more efficiently.

36. video

37. Intertidal Zone Poster 1) Title 2) 4 Zones, labeled 3) AKAs (as known as) 4) 2 organisms in each 5) Description of Each (zone) 6) COLOR

38. Estuaries Estuaries are bodies of water and their surrounding coastal habitats typically found where rivers meet the sea. Estuaries harbor unique plant and animal communities because their waters are brackish—a mixture of fresh water draining from the land and salty seawater. Many animal species rely on estuaries for food and as places to nest and breed.

39. Physical Properties of Estuaries The salinity of estuarine water change from one day to the next depending on the tides, weather, or other factors Many estuaries are protected from the full force of ocean waves, winds, and storms

40. Types of Estuaries Coastal plain estuaries, or drowned river valleys, are formed when rising sea levels flood existing river valleys. (aka salt marsh or delta) Bar-built estuaries are characterized by barrier beaches or islands that form parallel to the coastline and separate the estuary from the ocean. Barrier beaches and islands are formed by the accumulation of sand or sediments deposited by ocean waves. Tectonic estuaries are formed when the Earth’s tectonic plates run into or fold up underneath each other and create depressions. Fjords are steep-walled river valleys created by advancing glaciers, which later became flooded with seawater as the glaciers retreated.

41. Fjord Bar built estuary Coastal plain estuary Tectonic estuary

42. Value of Estuaries vital nesting and feeding habitats for many aquatic plants and animals. Most fish and shellfish eaten in the United States, including salmon, herring, and oysters, complete at least part of their life cycles in estuaries. maintain healthy ocean environments by filtering out sediments and pollutants from rivers and streams before they flow into the oceans. Coastal recreation and tourism generate from $8-$12 billion per year in the United States alone

43. video

44. Coastal Plain EstuaryBar- Built EstuaryDescription: FjordTectonic EstuaryDescription:

45. Adaptations in the Estuary - Smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) found in salt marshes has special filters on its roots to remove salts from the water it absorbs. It also expels excess salt through its leaves. - During low tides when they are exposed to low- salinity water, oysters close up their shells and stop feeding. Inside their shells, oysters switch from aerobic respiration (breathing oxygen) to anaerobic respiration, which does not require oxygen. When the high tides return the oysters open their shells and return to feeding and breathing oxygen.

46. Estuarine Food Chain Producers - Spartina or cordgrass is the basis of the food web. Most of the Spartina is consumed after it has died! Dead or decaying materials are called detritus. Organisms that eat detritus are called detritovores( shrimp, crabs, mollusks, microorganisms). Herbivores – ducks, grasshoppers Carnivores – raccoons, large fish, hawks, blue herons

47. Food Web Game ! 1. Deal out all the cards. 2. First player places one card face up in the middle of the table. 3. Next player plays a card that gets energy from or gives energy to the first card by laying it side to side with the first card. Each card tells which other cards it can be attached to. 4. If a player has a card that can attach to two cards at the same time (It fits between two cards.) he/she jumps up and yells, “Food Web!” 5. Try to use all the cards to create one large food web.

48. Salt marshes

49. Continental Shelf extended perimeter of each continent part of the continent during glacial periods but is today covered by relatively shallow seas or gulfs. It is also known as the subtidal zone or sublittoral zone.

50. Continental Shelf: Physical Characteristics Up to 1,500 km in width (average about 80 km) Depths up to 130 m. an oasis in the ocean for plants and animals due to the abundance of: sunlight shallow waters nutrient packed sediment that washes in from rivers, wave action, and, upwelling.

51. Organisms of the continental shelf Abundant sediment and sunlight help support kelp, algae, phytoplankton and zooplankton. Larger animals such as whales, sea birds, porpoise, tuna, cod and mackerel then feed upon them. The continental shelf regions also contain the highest amount of benthic life (plants and animals that live on the ocean floor).

52. Value of Continental Shelf Ecosystems People have depended on the continental shelf for thousands of years to provide 90% of the fisheries production in the world and, more recently, for petroleum. Fossil fuels were formed when ancient plants and animals fell to sedimentary rock in the ocean floor.

53. Coral Reefs warm, clear, shallow ocean habitats that are rich in life. The reef's massive structure is formed from coral polyps, tiny animals that live in colonies; when coral polyps die, they leave behind a hard, stony, branching structure made of limestone.

54. Anatomy of Corals Almost all corals are colonial organisms. composed of thousands of individual animals called polyps. Each polyp has a stomach that opens at only one end. Food enters the stomach through the mouth, waste products are expelled through the same opening. The mouth is surrounded by a circle of tentacles. used for defense, capturing small animals for food, and to clear away debris. use stinging cells called nematocysts.

55. Symbiosis with Zooxanthallae Most reef-building corals contain photosynthetic algae, called zooxanthellae, that live in their tissues. The corals and algae have a mutualistic relationship. The coral gives the algae protection while the algae gives the coral glucose and oxygen from photosynthesis. The algae provide the corals with essential nutrients in the nutrient poor waters of the tropics. responsible for the unique and beautiful colors of many stony corals.

56. Feeding methods of corals Corals feed at night. night is when the zooplankton travel into the water column and become available for capture. Keeping the tentacles retracted during the day may also help corals avoid predation, protect themselves from UV light, and avoid shading their zooxanthellae. They utilize two main methods of prey capture: nematocyst adhesion mucus entrapment

57. Types of Coral Reefs Fringing Reefs Reefs that grow right along the edge of shore Most common type

58. Atoll Reef - circular ring of reef with a lagoon in the center Begins as fringing reef around an island Island erodes and reef becomes a barrier reef Island continues to erode and an atoll is left

59. Barrier Reefs develop a distance from the shore Separated from the shore by a lagoon Can serve as a barrier Belize Barrier Reef

60. Corals require: - bright sunlight (<50-70 m water depths) -clear water -warm water -strong wave action and surface currents - will not develop on sand or where there is a lot of sediment or fresh water -thrive along the eastern margins of land masses taking advantage of westerly equatorial water flow

61. coral bleaching a process in which corals expel their algal cells (zooxanthellae) Bleached coral looks like dead coral except polyps are still present. Coral bleaching can be caused by stressful environmental conditions such as extreme temperature, low salinity, extreme light and various toxins. More recently, coral reefs are showing early signs of stress due to global warming caused by green house gas emissions.

62. affect of humans on coral survival suffered significant damage from over-fishing and run-off from agricultural land. people living close to the reefs In the Caribbean alone, reef losses are endangering a large number of species, from corals to sharks. It is estimated reefs provide $4 billion in ecosystem services - quantifiable benefits including fishing, tourism and protecting the coast from storms

63. Coral reef video

64. Elkhorn Coral a large, branching coral with thick and sturdy antler-like branches

65. Pillar Coral Dendrogyra cylindrus is a distinctive coral that grows in grey-brown or olive cylindrical columns that have a hairy appearance

66. Fire Coral Fire coral is related to jellyfish and anemones, and just like these creatures, it can really, really, sting.