1. The Holocaust: Literary Considerations Adapted from the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum’s Curriculum

2. Prior Knowledge What prior knowledge do you have? Which texts have you read? Which movies have you seen? What have you already studied?

3. Disclaimer Please note that this is not a history lesson; merely a short overview followed by literary considerations. I <3 Ms. Pino’s class

4. 1933193419351936193719381939194019411942194319441945 Hitler in power Boycott Antisemitic laws Nuremberg Laws Kristallnacht Evian Conference Germany invades Poland Warsaw ghetto established Voyage of the St. Louis Invasion of USSR Einsatzgruppen massacres Deportations to killing centers Warsaw ghetto uprising Deportations from Hungary Death marches Germany surrenders Liberation of Camps 1941-431944-451925-42 German Jews must wear the yellow star Holocaust Literature in Context German Jews expelled from public schools 1937 - 45 1942-44

5. How does this pertain to English? Survivors, as primary sources, are eye- witnesses of this period in time. As they pass on, their written works become their voice. Consider the motive behind the diaries and letters that were carefully hidden. –The victims wanted their stories to be known. In History you learn the facts; in English the stories. Through reading, you experience the world. This milk can, filled to the brim with diaries and letters, was carefully buried so that the truth could eventually be heard.

6. Book Burning: The First Step to Public Persuasion and Ignorance “Where they have burned books, they will end in burning human beings." Heinrich Heine

7. Basic Overview: The Holocaust The Holocaust refers to a specific genocidal event in twentieth-century history: the state-sponsored, systematic persecution and annihilation of European Jewry by Nazi Germany and its collaborators between 1933 and 1945. –Be careful with terms like “The Germans”; they did not act alone. The time period known as “The Holocaust” is offensive to some people because he word holocaust refers to a sacrifice by fire- sometimes offensive to people because it implies the Jews were sacrificed for the greater good. What do you think?

8. Basic Overview: continued Jews were the primary victims— 6 million were murdered; Gypsies, the handicapped, and Poles were also targeted for destruction or decimation for racial, ethnic, or national reasons. Millions more, including homosexuals, Jehovah’s Witnesses, Soviet prisoners of war, and political dissidents, also suffered grievous oppression and death under Nazi tyranny. Photo montage of victims USHMM Washington D.C.

9. Systematic Ghettos: Sections of the city to segregate prior to transition Concentration Camps: holding camps Labor camps: prisoners were put to work Death camps: only one purpose for these Trains transported “purposefully”

10. The Ghettos Sections of cities were first gated off to segregate Jews. These became ghettos. Some people were transported into ghettos. These were very condensed living quarters. Basic living necessitates such as food and running water were limited. This quickly led to the spread of diseases such as Typhoid.

11. Concentration Camps These holding camps served two main purposes: to demoralize and dehumanize. Prisoners were immediately separated from their families and then stripped of their belongings, clothing, and hair. There is great value in having a sense of self and a purpose. What happens when those two things are stripped from you? –Eliminates the desire to escape and rebel. Where do you go if you are convinced you have nowhere to go? Freedom is only desirable if you have a will and purpose to be free.

12. Belongings were sorted and recycled.

13. Piles of shoes that belonged to prisoners who were murdered upon arrival, were recycled. Auschwitz 1945

15. Hair was used to make bomb fuses, felt, thread, rope and mattress stuffing.

16. Labor Camps Prisoners were forced to engage in strenuous penal labor and production to aid the war.

17. Death Camps Purpose: to complete the final step in The Final Solution

18. The Centrality of Auschwitz Auschwitz was a death camp. It is also the only camp that tattooed ID #’s on the arms of victims. The amount of planning it took to simply transport people- never mind murder them and recycle their belongings- required a system. –Many people claim they didn’t do anything to stop the killing because they “didn’t know”. Historian Raul Hilberg points out that over 1 million Germans must have known about the death camps, just by virtue of their association with the railroads.

19. Avoid simple assumptions to complex history. “I would have left!” “I would have killed someone!”

20. The power of propaganda and bandwagon persuasion…

21. Resistance Occurred Portrait of Jewish partisans (Bedzin ghetto, Poland 1942). Jewish resistance occurred in many forms and many places, including armed revolts in the death camps.

22. The Evian Conference sent a message to the Jews that even if they could get out of Germany, most countries didn’t want to take on massive immigration during lean economic times. How has the cartoonist labeled the man in the middle? What does this imply about the tenor of the times? Why didn’t they just leave? The Evian Conference. Political cartoon entitled, "Will the Evian Conference guide him to freedom?“, published in July 1938, The New York Times

23. Some people immigrated successfully The voyage of the St. Louis, May – June 1939

25. Just because it happened does not mean it was inevitable –Conscious choices were made

26. A teacher points out the salient features of a student's profile during a lesson in racial instruction. Teaching this subject became mandatory in 1934. Consider this: A greater percentage of teachers joined the Nazi party than did any other profession. Job security?

27. French police round up foreign Jews, 1941

28. The Nazis found willing collaborators in many occupied territories. They couldn’t have pulled it off by themselves. –A member of the Lithuanian auxiliary police, who has just returned from taking part in the mass execution of the local Jewish population in the Rase Forest, auctions off their personal property in the central market of Utena. Lithuanians, July 1941

29. Denmark, October 1943: The Danish did many things to help the Jews escape and survive. In this picture, a crowd gathers around a Danish Nazi and a Jew he has apprehended. Danish police later helped the Jewish man to escape.

30. Avoid comparisons of pain Don’t jump to conclusions about other people’s pain, i.e. “The Holocaust was the most difficult period of time.” Pain is an abstract and relative concept. It is by no means a contest: our goal is simply to widen our knowledge and experience through literature.

31. Levels of suffering? Injustice causes suffering, period. Rwanda American slavery Armenia Trail of Tears

32. Roma, 1939 - 1942 A group of Gypsy prisoners congregate in the Rivesaltes internment camp. The Roma experience came closest to that of the Jews. Persecuted as an inferior race, between 25 – 50 % of their prewar population murdered by the Nazis, by members of the Einsatzgruppen and in concentration and death camps.

33. Don’t be fooled by stereotypical descriptions

34. Which students do you think are Jewish? (all of them)

36. Important Terms

37. Genocide- the systematic and planned extermination of an entire nation, race, or ethnic group Annihilation- total destruction Holocaust- the state-sponsored systematic persecution of European Jews by Nazi Germany and its collaborators between 1933 and 1945 Commemoration- honoring the memory of or serving as a memorial Totalitarianism- total control of the country by the government Fascism- a system of government that is marked by stringent social and economic control, a strong centralized government usually headed by a dictator Pogrom- government-organized attacks on Jewish neighborhoods Anti-Semitism- ill-feeling or hatred toward Jews Stereotype- commonly held popular belief about specific social groups or types of individuals Racism- hatred of a person or group because of race or ethnic background Bigotry- obstinately or intolerantly devoted to opinions, prejudices, and animosity about a group of people Prejudice- a preconceived opinion or judgment

38. What do these terms have in common? Kristallnacht The Final Solution Aryan The Jewish Question Resettlement Euthanasia Treated appropriately

39. Kristallnacht Final Solution Aryan Jewish question Resettlement Euthanasia These are all the perpetrators’ terms. We have to qualify them when we use them --- with “finger quotes” or with a disclaimer --- “What the Nazis called “resettlement in the East.” Even though Kristallnacht has become widely accepted, it is the Nazi term that focuses on the broken shop windows of the Jewish merchants, and so it implies that the violence of November 9, 1938, simply set the economy right. Even when we use the term “Jew,” we have to remember that the Nazis did the defining based upon the grandparents’ religion.