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Chapter 6 1965 - 1975 The Chip & Its Impact First Microprocessor Chip 1
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Grosch’s Law A big system that costs twice as much as a small system actually gets you 4 times computing power 2
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Why Grosch’s Law? Memory & Circuitry costs cost / bit higher for small computers Connecting of small computers not efficient Held thru 1960’s 3
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The Chip- 1959 Drove minicomputer IC replaced discrete transistors, resistors, core memory Next step in “modules” Printed Circuits Cheap materials & Mass Produced 4
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Integrated Circuit - 1959 Jack Kilby, Texas Instruments Nobel Prize, Physics, 2000 Robert Noyce, Fairchild Electronics, CA Solved “Tyranny of Numbers” problem Driving forces Military - smaller, reliable missiles & rockets (many failures) Civilian - cheaper, less errors, hand work 5
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Molecular Electronics - USAF Goal: New device of substances whose individual molecules did the switching 1959 – Westinghouse – grants of $2 mil & $2.6 mil For rockets, ballistic missiles 2 years later, quietly dropped USAF - “clean” rooms, early 1960’s, for minuteman missiles, detailed records Demanded high reliability (Hi-Rel) from all suppliers 6
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Jack Kilby 1957- Centrallab Printed circuit boards Germanium to silicon Did not have resources for development 1958 – TX Instruments, Dallas Microminiaturization Make all components of silicon or germanium More expensive than carbon, ceramics All components same material as transistor - silicon Would allow one set-up not many Nobel Prize 2000 7
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Jack Kilby Built circuit of silicon, then germanium Work as oscillator Built by hand Resistors, capacitor Applied for patents - 1959 Awarded 1964 Drawings Pg. 184 -185 “Solid Circuit” 8 First IC
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Robert Noyce Fairchild Semiconductor, CA Heard of Kilby’s design Designed same idea on silicon Photo-etching process (Jean Hoerni) Flat transistor, “planar process” Silicon best insulator Layers isolate devices Applied patent - 1959 Shared credit, Noyce’s process most significant 9
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I.C. Progress Neither “inventor” had connection to USAF Military & Aerospace industry provided market “advanced” Minuteman II missile 2K IC’s + 4K DC’s vs. 15K discrete circuits Flew 1964 Established acceptability of IC & volume production lines TI, Westinghouse, RCA - 4,000 / week Noyce “military stifles research” Military use: 1963 – 100% IC, 1964 – 95% IC 10
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Apollo (NASA) Fairchild provided IC’s Apollo computer 5,000 simple chips Single-type 75 guidance computers built During project: chip price dropped from $1,000 to $20 - $30 11
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Chip into Commercial Computers IBM 360 – solid state ceramic circuitry SDS and RCA announced silicon IC computers IBM 370 – silicon IC’s Quickly used in Minicomputers 12
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2 nd Generation Mini’s DEC dominant, not like IBM 1968-1972 - 100 companies offered minis Did not need excessive capitol - see Pg. 192 Increase in performance; decrease in cost Driving forces Standardized, Inexpensive chips TTL- transistor- transistor logic Today’s “caterpillar” packaging Printed Circuit Board (standardized) Pioneered by Globe-Union “stuff” chips in board; molten solder on back 13
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Minicomputer Developments DMA (early) - DEC 16 bit word length; 8- bit byte ASCII (not IBM’s EBCDIC) CCC-DDP116 - 1 st 16- bit mini Redesigned after IBM 360 announced 1966- Honeywell bought; withered 14
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ARPA Defense Dept. – Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) Funded projects 1967 - meeting on how to link computers in a network across the U.S. To share resources among funded agencies 15
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ARPANET Problem! All different computers Honeywell DPD- 516 @ each node as the interface between mainframe and N.W. IMP- Interface message processor Dec. 1969 - 4 nodes West of Rockies 1970 - 10 nodes, spanned the U.S. 1971 - 15 nodes with 23 host computers Oct. 1972 - Demo’d in D.C. 30 nodes Dismantled in 1988 No longer need IMP 16
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Data General Edson DeCastro @ DEC Design for 16 bit mini, rejected by DEC Formed D.G. – to build 16-bit mini 1968 – DG Nova Ken Olsen - DEC- claimed Nova was “copied” PDP-X designed at DEC Used all newer innovations MSI - Medium Scale Integration 1971- Super Nova IC for memory (RAM) - no core 1970 - in Illiac-IV, U of Ill., non-von Neumann (computer was failure) Established viability of semiconductor memory (RAM) 17
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In the Meantime… 1968 - Robert Noyce & Gordon Moore left Fairchild; also Andrew Grove Company to focus on memory Intel => “integrated electronics” 1970 - announced the 1103 chip 1024- bit dynamic RAM This + Nova end of magnetic core 18
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PDP-11 1969 - DEC not maintaining market (12-bit word, limited instructions) PDP-8 was likely being replaced by competitors DEC decided to try 16 bit, again Engineers and Carnegie - Mellon Abandoned a years worth of work Adopted an alternate design - McFarland Deliveries began early 1970 PDP-11 44 19
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PDP 11 (cont.) New Innovation - BUS “set of wires to serve all major sections of computers in common and standard way” UNIBUS - 56 lines Earlier BUS (BUSS) Whirlwind, Mark I, NOVA, PDP-8 20
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PDP 11- Success From 5,800 employees in 1970 to 36,000 in 1977 Sold 170,000 in 1970’s 1970’s Recession in computing DEC & Data General survived 21
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Direct Access Computing 1950’s- IBM RAMAC But still used tape for 10 years Time sharing was developing 370; GE/ Honeywell; Dartmouth 1960’s - 70’s Cost dropped twenty fold Capacity increased 40X 22
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Magnetic Disks 23
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Direct Access Computing (cont.) 1980 - fixed disk packs IBM - Winchester- 2 x 30 mbytes DASD CICS - IBM (Generic) Allowed direct query from database Transformed retail sales by phone Customers wrote own applications 24
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Computer Science Education Batch prevailed for many years “load-and-go” compilers; MAD @ Michigan Waterloo U., Canada - Dept.-1962 WATFOR (version of FORTRAN for 360) 6,000 student jobs per hour Reduced cost- $10 to 10 cents per job For IBM 360/75 WATBOL 25
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Dartmouth University John Kemeney - Math professor - 1963 Wanted system to teach interactive programming to all students With Thomas Kurtz - developed BASIC & system to use it on GE 235 Slowly went to some other Universities Schools began charging fees for time Still used punch cards into 1980’s 26
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RSTS-II on PDP-11 (Resource Sharing Time Sharing) Time sharing; no memory protection RSTS implemented in BASIC Modified BASIC PEEK & POKE (Individual Bits) Took less memory Ready for PC’s “The mini generated the seeds of its own destruction by preparing the way for personal computers” (Ceruzzi) 27
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Chapter 6 1965 - 1975 The Chip & Its Impact 28
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