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The Animal Kingdom
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Phylogenetic Tree branching diagram or "tree" showing the inferred evolutionary relationships among various biological species
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Define phylogenic tree-explain why scientists use them.
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~General Characteristics ~
Multicellular-made up of more than one type of cell Eukaryotic – Cells contain a Nucleus Heterotrophs – Eat other organisms for a source of food and energy.
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~General Characteristics ~
Invertebrate- Does NOT possess or develop a vertebral column (backbone), derived from the notochord
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Vertebrate- Developes a vertebral column (backbone) from the notochord
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Hydrostatic Skeleton: Water supported skeleton
Exoskeleton: hard outer covering made of chitin Endoskeleton: Made of bone or cartilage, inside of the body
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Body Cavity- fluid-filled space located between an animal’s outer covering (epidermis), and the outer lining of the gut cavity, where internal organs develop
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1. Acoelomates – animals have 3 tissue layers with a digestive tract but no body cavities.
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2. Pseudocoelomates – animals with a fluid-filled body cavity between the endoderm & mesoderm
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3. Coelomates – animals with a body cavity completely surrounded by mesoderm.
They have space for internal organs to attach
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~ Characteristics ~ Most animals develop from a zygote or “fertilized egg.” The zygote goes through a series of cellular divisions to form a Blastula – a hollow ball of cells.
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~ Developmental Characteristics ~
These cells will form into 3 tissue layers by a process called gastrulation: Ectoderm, a layer of cells on the outer surface of the gastrula Endoderm, a layer of cells lining the inner surface of the gastrula Mesoderm, made up of two layers of cells lying between the ectoderm and endoderm – middle layer
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~General Characteristics ~
Bilateral Symmetry Radial Symmetry Asymmetrical Symmetry
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Open Circulatory System
the blood flows from the heart through open-ended vessels into sinuses where it bathes the tissues inside the cavity. This is how gas exchange occurs.
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Closed Circulatory System
The blood of a closed system always flows inside vessels and is pumped around the entire body for gas and nutrient exchange.
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9 Phyla of the Kingdom Animalia
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~Invertebrates~ 8 main phyla No backbones
Porifera Cnidaria Platyhelminthes Nematoda Annelida Mollusca Arthropoda Echinoderm No backbones 95% of all animals are in this group
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~Invertebrate Phylum Porifera~pg 705-709
Pores (holes) all over body Example: Tube Sponge, Glass Sponge, Sea Sponge Do not move around (sessile) Most live in marine environments No symmetry (asymmetrical)
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Phylum Porifera~ Hollow bodied
Filter Feeders: a sponge has one opening and filters water to find particles of food Asexual Reproduction: fragmentation thru budding. Sexual Reproduction: hermaphrodites
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~Invertebrate Phylum Cnidaria~ pg 710-715
Live in marine environments Most have cnidocytes- stinging tentacles that they use to capture their prey. Each stinging cell has a nematocyst that holds the tube containing the poison and barbs Examples: Jellyfish, Hydra, sea anemones, and corals
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Phylum Cnidaria~ Have radial symmetry
They have one opening for hunting food in and expelling waste 2 body shapes: polyp and medusa.
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Phylum Cnidaria~ They can reproduce asexually by budding & sexually by producing sperm and egg.
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~Invertebrate Flat worms – Phylum Platyhelminthes pg 726-730
Thin, flat bodies, single opening for mouth & anus, no body cavities (acoelomates) Bilateral symmetry Planaria can reproduce sexually because they are hermaphrodites or asexually by regeneration.
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Free living worms feed on dead or slow moving organisms
Parasitic worms have hooks and suckers which enable them to attach to their hosts. Ex: Planaria, Schistosoma (fluke), tapeworm
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~Invertebrate Round Worms- Phylum Nematoda pg 731-736
Round bodies, fluid filled body cavitiy (mouth-tube-anus) pseudocoelomates Bilateral symmetry and are cylindrical Examples: Trichinosis pg 733 Hookworms pg 734 Ascariasis Pinworms Elephantiasis pg 735 Heartworms
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~Invertebrate Phylum Mollusca ~ pg 737-744
Mollusca “Soft internal bodies” (no shells) Ex: octopus, slugs, squids. Bilateral symmetry Coelomates-digestive track with 2 openings Mantle-surrounds the internal organs of mollusks with shells. Ex: clams, snails Live on land or in water
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Phylum Mollusca Radula-located in a mollusks mouth it is a tongue-like organ lines with rows of teeth used for feeding. Most aquatic species reproduce sexually- fertilization occurs externally Those that live on land are hermaphrodites and fertilization is internal. Most mollusks have an open circulatory system Squids have a major evolutionary adaptation of a closed circulatory system.
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Examples Snails Slugs
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Clams Octopus 5.Squid
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~Invertebrate Segmented worms- Phylum Annelida pg 726-730
“ringed worms””segmented” Coelomates, body cavity with 2 openings -mouth-crop-esophagus-stomach-intestines-anus Bilateral symmetry Examples: Earthworm, marine worms, parasitic leeches
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~Invertebrate Phylum Arthropoda ~762-781
Characteristics: segmented invertebrates bilateral symmetry coelomate body cavity. largest group of organisms on earth, 70-85% of all animal species.
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Phylum Arthropoda ~762-781 3 features of this phylum
Segmentation-Body divided into sections Have Exoskeleton – tough external covering made of Chitin that protects & supports the body of many invertebrates. Page 763 Jointed Appendages
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Phylum Arthropoda ~ Respire by way of: page 766-767
Gills-aquatic arthropods tracheal tubes- terrestrial arthropods book lungs- some arthropods including spiders Circulation: Open Circulatory System
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Examples 1. Spiders 2. Insects 3. Millipedes & Centipedes
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5. Crabs 6. Shrimp 7. Lobster
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~Invertebrate Phylum Echinodermata ~792-801
Echinoderm= “spiny skin” Marine animals Have an endoskeleton Radial symmetry
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~Invertebrate Phylum Echinodermata ~
Examples: seastar, sea urchin, sand dollar and sea cucumber
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Vertebrates NOT finished
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~Vertebrate Phylum Chordata ~803-807
Early ancestral invertebrate chordates believed to be more closely related to vertebrates than any other invertebrate. Ex: lancelets, and tunicates 4 Characteristics shared by all Chordates: pg Notochord Postanal tail Dorsal tubular nerve cord Pharyngeal pouches
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~ Vertebrate ~ Phylum Chordata ~pg 803-807
5 classes Fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals
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~Vertebrate Phylum Chordata ~ Class Fish 821-833
Live in seas, lakes, ponds, streams, marshes, oceans Characteristics of Fish: Vertebrate Jaws Paired fins Scales Gills Single-loop Closed Circulation Sexual Reproduction-external fertilization
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~Vertebrate Phylum Chordata ~ Class Fish 821-833
Classes of Fish Pg 828 Myxini- “Jawless fish”- hagfish, lamprey Pg 829 Chondrichthyes- “Cartilaginous fish” – sharks, skates, rays Pg 831 Osteichthyes “bony fish”- ray finned fish, lobed fish
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~Vertebrate Phylum Chordata ~ Class Amphibians 835-841
Characteristics of Amphibians: Most begin life as aquatic organisms Thru metamorphosis they become equipped to survive life on land. Most have 4 legs Moist skin No scales Gas exchange occurs thru skin or lungs ectotherm Double-loop closed circulatory system Sexual reproduction-external fertilization
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~Vertebrate Phylum Chordata ~ Class Amphibians 835-841
Examples: pages Frogs Toads Salamanders Newts Worm-like Caecilians
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~Vertebrate Phylum Chordata ~ Class Reptiles 852-860
Characteristics of Reptiles: Vertebrate Amniotic shelled eggs Scaly skin Lungs for gas exchange Ectotherm Closed Circulation- lungs take in oxygen from lungs and it enters the circulatory system. Sexual Reproduction-internal fertilization
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~Vertebrate Phylum Chordata ~ Class Reptiles
Examples: Lizards Snakes Turtles Crocodiles Alligators Tuataras
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~Vertebrate Phylum Chordata ~ Class Birds 861-869
Characteristics of Birds: Vertebrate Amniotic shelled eggs Feathers Lungs for gas exchange Endotherms Closed Circulation- lungs take in oxygen from lungs and it enters the circulatory system. 4 chambered heart Sexual Reproduction-internal fertilization
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~Vertebrate Phylum Chordata ~ Class Birds 861-869
Examples: pg 867 see the chart
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~Vertebrate Phylum Chordata ~ Class Mammals 880-897
Characteristics of Mammals: Vertebrate Mammary glands Hair Amniotic eggs Live birth Lungs for gas exchange Endotherm Closed Circulation- lungs take in oxygen where it enters the circulatory system. 4 chambered heart Sexual Reproduction-internal fertilization
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