1. Taxonomy

2. Classification & taxonomy  Classification is the grouping of objects or information based on similarities.  Taxonomy is the branch of biology concerned with the grouping and naming of organisms.

3. How living things are classified  Organisms are grouped into groups called taxa, each one larger than the previous one.  The smaller the taxon, the smaller the number of organisms in that group. These organisms share greater similarity to each other than those in the larger taxa.

4. Example:  Come up with a classification system to classify students in this class. Think big to small Ex. We are all Americans all the way to students in room L309  Americans  Texans  Residents of Tarrant County  Residents of Colleyville  Attend CHHS  Biology students  Biology students in Mrs. Kays class  Biology students in Mrs. Kays 4 th period class Least specific Most specific

5. Classification System  Did King Phillip Come Over For Good Spaghetti? Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

6. Domain  This is the largest taxon.  All organisms are placed in 1 of 3 groups.  A group of related kingdoms. 3 Domains: Bacteria, Archae and Eukarya Example: Humans are members of the Domain Eukarya along with all other eukaryotic organisms

7. Kingdom  This is the second largest taxon.  All organisms are placed in 1 of 6 groups based on their cell structure.  A group of related phyla. 6 Kingdoms: Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia Ex: Humans are members of the kingdom Animalia along with all other multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes

8. Phylum (pl. phyla)  A smaller subcategory of a kingdom.  A group of related classes. Ex: Humans are members of the phylum cordata along with all other organisms that have a backbone

9. Class  A smaller subcategory of a phylum.  A group of related orders. Ex: Humans are members of the class mammalia, along with all other organisms who have mammary glands and hair

10. Order  A smaller subcategory of a class.  A group of related families. Ex: Humans are members of the order primates, along with all other primates

11. Family  A smaller subcategory of an order.  A group of related genera. Ex: Humans are members of the family hominidae along with all other great apes

12. Genus (pl. genera)  A smaller subcategory of a family.  A group of related species. Ex: Humans are members of the genus Homo along with all other organisms that have specific and specialized development of memory/learning/teaching/learning application

13. Species  A smaller subcategory of a genus.  A population of interbreeding organisms capable of producing fertile offspring. Ex: Humans are members of the species sapiens, which includes only humans as we know them today

14. Binomial nomenclature  Carl Linnaeus’ System of naming organisms  2-word classification system for naming organisms.  The first word is the genus name.  The second word is the species name.  All scientific names are in Latin.

15. Binomial nomenclature  When writing an organism’s scientific name, the genus (first word) should be capitalized and species (second word) should be lower case and both should be italicized or underlined Ex: Homo sapiens  Scientific names can also be abbreviated G. species Ex. H. Sapiens

16. The 6 Kingdoms

17. Kingdom descriptions EACH SLIDE WILL FOLLOW THE FOLLOWING FORMAT:  Number of cells  Characteristics  Reproduction  Examples of Organisms  Note: Prokaryotes are simple, single-celled organisms with no nucleus. Eukaryotes are more complex organisms that can be either single cell or multicellular and contain a nucleus along with other specialized structures

18. Archaebacteria  Single-celled, prokaryotes  Has cell wall but no nucleus  Lives without oxygen in extreme environments  Reproduce asexually  Ex: Methanogens, halophiles, and thermophiles

19. Archaebacteria

20. Eubacteria  Single-celled, prokaryotes  Has cell wall (differs slightly from wall of archaebacteria), but no nucleus  Reproduce asexually  Ex: Bacteria, blue-green algae

21. Eubacteria

22. Protista  Single-celled or multicellular, eukaryotes  Has nucleus and membrane  May or may not have cell wall  Can be either autotrophs or heterotrophs  Move by cilia, flagella or pseudopods  Normally reproduce asexually but can reproduce sexually when under stress  Ex: Euglenas, single-celled algae, amebas, paramecia

23. Protista Paramecium Euglena Amoeba

24. Fungi  Most are multicellular, the only single celled fungi are yeasts, eukaryotes  Has cell wall that contains chitin, nucleus and membrane  Made of slender strands of cells packed together called hyphae  Heterotrophs, do not ingest their food, instead secrete digestive enzymes onto whatever they are growing on  Reproduce asexually and sexually  Types of fungi Zygomycetes (bread mold) Basidiomycetes (mushrooms) Ascomycetes (fungi that form sexual spores)

25. Fungi Mushroom Yeast cells

26. Plantae  Multicellular with specialized cells and tissues. Eukaryotes  Has cell wall made of cellulose, nucleus, membrane and chloroplasts (the site of photosynthesis)  Autotrophs, undergo photosynthesis  Rooted to the ground so they can’t move  Reproduce either sexually or asexually  Types of plants Nonvascular plants (mosses) Seedless vascular plants (ferns) Nonflowering seed plants (pine trees) Flowering seed plants (roses, grasses and fruits)

27. Plantae Fern Flower Moss Green algae

28. Animalia  Multicellular with specialized cells and tissues, eukaryotes  Has nucleus and membrane  Heterotrophs, undergo cellular respiration  Move using a variety of methods including walking, running and flying  Reproduce sexually  Types of animals (99% of animals are invertebrates) Sponges and cnidarians (jellyfish, sea anemones and coral) Mollusks (snails, oysters and squid) Worms (earthworms) Arthropods (insects and spiders) Echinoderms (sea stars, sea urchin and sand dollars) Vertebrates (fish, mammals, birds and amphibians)

29. Animalia

30. Evolutionary History  Classification based on similarities should be based on an organism’s phylogeny, or evolutionary history Remember homologous structures are evidence of a common ancestor while analogous structures are not  Cladistics is the method of inferring relationships based on shared characters Ancestral character: a character that evolved from a common ancestor  Ex: backbone in birds and mammals Derived character: evolved in an ancestor of one group but not another  Ex: feathers evolved in birds but non mammals

31. Evolutionary History  A cladogram is a branching diagram that shows evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms As groups evolve, new characters appear that were not present in earlier organisms

32. Cladogram Hagfish do not have jaws while every organism Past that point on the cladogram does have jaws Hagfish, Perch, salamanders, lizards and Pigeons have neither fur nor mammary glands while mice and chimps have both characters

33. Dichotomous Key  The identification of biological organisms can be greatly simplified using tools such as dichotomous keys.  A dichotomous key is an organized set of couplets of mutually exclusive characteristics of biological organisms.  You simply compare the characteristics of an unknown organism against an appropriate dichotomous key. These keys will begin with general characteristics and lead to couplets indicating progressively specific characteristics. If the organism falls into one category, you go to the next indicated couplet.  By following the key and making the correct choices, you should be able to identify your specimen to the indicated taxonomic level.

34. Dichotomous Key  Example: Use the Key to identify this alien 1) a. The creature has a large wide head….. Go to 2 b. the creature has a small narrow head…. Go to 3 Narrow Head -go to number 3

35. Dichotomous Key 3) a. The creature has no antennae…. Go to 4 b. The creature has antennae… Go to 5 Has Antennae - Go to number 5

36. Dichotomous Key 5) a. Creature has 2 eyes… go to 6 b. Creature has 1 eye….. Narrowus Cylops 6) a. Creature has a mouth… go to 7 b. Creature has no mouth… go to 8 2 eyes -go to 6 Mouth -go to 8

37. Dichotomous Key 8) a. There are spikes on the left leg…. Narrowus portus b. There are no spikes at all…. Narrowus plainus Spikes on the left leg - Your creature is Narrowus portus!