1. N UTRITION P LANNING A ND M ANAGEMENT Nazia Sadat RD, LDN, MS, MPH Unit 6 Seminar

2. TODAY’S AGENDA Today we will be talking about: Chapter 6 Minerals Assignments for the week

3. WHAT ARE MINERALS?! About 4% of the body is composed of minerals Other 96% is water and organic compounds (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen) Minerals vary widely in the amounts the body will absorb and excrete. Some minerals require the presence of other minerals in the body to function properly. 2 categories Macrominerals calcium (Ca) phosphorus (P) potassium (K) sodium (Na), sulfur (S) magnesium (Mg), chlorine (Cl) Microminerals iron (Fe), Zinc (Zn), manganese(Mn), fluorine (F) Copper (Cu), Cobalt (Co), iodine (I), selenium (Se), c hromium (Cr), molybdenum (Mo).

4. IMPORTANCE OF MINERALS Minerals are: A part of the structure of all body cells. Components of enzymes, hormones, blood, and other vital body compounds. Regulators of: acid–base balance of the body. response of nerves to stimuli. muscle contractions. cell membrane permeability. osmotic pressure and water balance.

5. MINERALS Calcium Phosphorous Sodium Iron

6. CALCIUM Function Aids bone and tooth formation. Maintains serum calcium levels. Aids blood clotting. Aids muscle contraction and relaxation. Aids transmission of nerve impulses. Maintains normal heart rhythm. RDA19-30 years Males: 1000 mg/day Females: 1000 mg/day Sources Milk Cheese Yogurt Deficiency Rickets: childhood disorder of calcium metabolism from a vitamin D deficiency resulting in stunted growth, bowed legs, enlarged joints, especially legs, arms, and hollow chest Osteomalacia: Adult form of rickets Osteoporosis Slow blood clotting Tetany: deficiency of calcium that causes muscle spasms in legs, arms. Points Normally 30 to 40% of dietary calcium is absorbed. Presence of vitamin D and lactose (milk sugar) enhance absorption. The parathyroid hormone controls regulation.

7. RICKETS

8. PHOSPHORUS Function Aids bone and tooth formation. Maintains metabolism of fat and carbohydrates. Part of the compounds that act as buffers to control pH of the blood. RDA 19-30 years Males: 700 mg/day Females: 700 mg/day Sources Meat Group: cheeses, peanuts, beef, pork, poultry, fish, eggs Milk Group: milk and milk products Vegetable/Fruit Group: all foods in this group Grain: wheat, oats, barley, rice Deficiency Rickets Osteomalacia Osteoporosis Slow blood clotting Points Phosphorus is more efficiently absorbed than calcium; approximately 70% is absorbed. Phos is better absorbed when calcium is present Diets containing enough protein and calcium will be adequate in phosphorus. Needed in greater amounts during pregnancy

9. SODIUM Function Aids in carbohydrate (glucose) and protein absorption. Maintains water balance. Maintenance of acid-base balance RDA 19-30 years Males: 2000 mg/day Females: 2000 mg/day Sources Table salt Milk and Dairy Processed foods Foods that are high in protein are usually food sources of sodium Deficiency Hyponatremia (low serum sodium) Nausea Headache Points Most Americans consume far more sodium than the RDA. Often a reduction in intake can be done simply by omitting salt added to food in preparation or at the table. Elimination of high-salt snack foods and foods preserved in salt also is helpful.

10. IRON Function Plays essential role in formation of hemoglobin. Is found in myoglobin, the ironprotein molecule in muscles. RDA 19-30 years Males: 8 mg/day Females: 18 mg/day Pregnancy and lactation require higher amounts Sources Liver, kidneys, lean meats, whole grains, parsley, enriched breads, cereals, legumes, almonds dried fruit: prunes, raisins, apricots Deficiency Iron Deficiency Anemia Points Hemoglobin is the main part of the RBC, and carries oxygen from the lungs to the tissues. Iron is only absorbed in an acid medium. Absorption is enhanced by ascorbic acid. Liver is the main storage site

12. WATER

13. A LITTLE ABOUT WATER Next to oxygen, water is the most important nutrient for the body. Lack of water causes the cells to become dehydrated. A total lack of water can cause death in a few days. 50%-70% of body weight is water What effects water status: Low carbohydrate intake can increase water loss Much faster than protein Low protein intake can increase water loss Removing sodium from the diet may result in a small fluid loss. The body maintains a steady water content state.

14. WHERE IS THE WATER IN OUR BODY ECF, or extracellular fluid (surrounding the cells): 20 to 25% of the body water is outside the cells. ECF includes the vascular system. ICF, or intracellular fluid (inside the cells): 40 to 45% of the body water is inside the cells. The ICF contains twice as much water as the ECF.

15. WATER A meaningful discussion of minerals is not possible without explaining the role of water. A major factor of the internal environment of the body is the fluid and electrolyte balance. The fluid involved is water, and most of the electrolytes sodium (Na) potassium (K) Magnesium (Mg) calcium (Ca) chloride (Cl–) sulfate (SO4–), phosphates (HPO4 – and H2PO4) Muscle tissue is relatively high in water

16. FUNCTIONS OF WATER Solvent Component of all body cells, giving structure and form to the body Body temperature regulator Lubricant Medium for the digestion of food Transport medium for nutrients and waste products Participant in biological reactions Regulator of acid–base balance

17. WATER BALANCE Water requirements are dependent upon many factors Amount of solids in the diet, air humidity, environmental temperature, type of clothing worn, type of exercise performed, breathing rate. The human body obtains water from these sources: Beverages Foods Metabolic breakdown of food for use by the body Water is lost from the body in many ways: Kidneys as urine. From skin as perspiration and small amounts in sweating Lungs in breathing Water is lost in the feces. Certain disease conditions and injury Diarrhea, burns, and blood losses.

18. QUESTION! After learning about all the minerals, and their functions and toxicities, Do you think they should be regulated by the FDA? Why or Why not!!

19. ANY QUESTIONS?!

20. A SSIGNMENTS FOR THIS WEEK DB initial post in by Saturday night, before 11:59pm EST 2 response posts before Tuesday 11:59pm EST Project: Progress Check (page 94-97) Questions 1-64