1. Sex, Marriage and Family Part III

2. Family However each culture may define what constitutes a family, this social unit forms the basic cooperative structure that ensures an individual’s primary needs and provides the necessary care for children to develop as healthy and productive members of the group and thereby help ensure its future. However each culture may define what constitutes a family, this social unit forms the basic cooperative structure that ensures an individual’s primary needs and provides the necessary care for children to develop as healthy and productive members of the group and thereby help ensure its future. Family: two or more people related by blood, marriage, or adoption. Family: two or more people related by blood, marriage, or adoption.

3. Household An effective way to facilitate economic cooperation between men and women and simultaneously provide for a close bond between mother and child is through the establishment of residential groups that include adults of both sexes. An effective way to facilitate economic cooperation between men and women and simultaneously provide for a close bond between mother and child is through the establishment of residential groups that include adults of both sexes. Household: basic residential unit in which economic production, consumption, inheritance, child rearing, and shelter are organized and carried out. Household: basic residential unit in which economic production, consumption, inheritance, child rearing, and shelter are organized and carried out.

4. Household A household is not the same as family, although a household may contain related people, non-kin may also be part of the household group. A household is not the same as family, although a household may contain related people, non-kin may also be part of the household group. –In addition, members of a family may be spread out over several households

5. Question Family and household are not always synonymous. Family and household are not always synonymous. A.True B.False

6. Question Family and household are not always synonymous. Family and household are not always synonymous. A.True

7. Forms of the Family Conjugal family: a family established through marriage Conjugal family: a family established through marriage Consanguineal family: related women, their brothers, and the women’s offspring. Consanguineal family: related women, their brothers, and the women’s offspring.

8. Forms of the Family Nuclear family: a group consisting of one or more parents and dependent offspring, which may include a stepparent, stepsiblings, and adopted children. Nuclear family: a group consisting of one or more parents and dependent offspring, which may include a stepparent, stepsiblings, and adopted children. Extended family: a collection of nuclear families, related by ties of blood, that live in one household. Extended family: a collection of nuclear families, related by ties of blood, that live in one household.

9. Nuclear Family The family form that most Americans, Europeans, and many others now regard as the normal or natural nucleus of larger family units The family form that most Americans, Europeans, and many others now regard as the normal or natural nucleus of larger family units Industrialization and market capitalism have played a historical role in shaping the nuclear family most of us are familiar with today. Industrialization and market capitalism have played a historical role in shaping the nuclear family most of us are familiar with today. Larger kin groups are not involved in any substantial way in mate selection or the transfer of goods Larger kin groups are not involved in any substantial way in mate selection or the transfer of goods

10. Nuclear Families and the Inuit Among Inuit people in Canada who still hunt for much of their food, nuclear families are typical. Their isolation from other relatives is usually temporary. Much of the time they are found in groups of at least a few related families. Among Inuit people in Canada who still hunt for much of their food, nuclear families are typical. Their isolation from other relatives is usually temporary. Much of the time they are found in groups of at least a few related families.

11. Question The nuclear family is typically found in The nuclear family is typically found in A.The Nayar society B.The Mbuti society C.The United States and Canada D.India

12. Question The nuclear family is typically found in the United States and Canada. The nuclear family is typically found in the United States and Canada.

13. Extended Family Extended family: two or more closely related nuclear families clustered together into a large domestic group. Extended family: two or more closely related nuclear families clustered together into a large domestic group. Common in traditional horticultural, agricultural, and pastoral societies around the world Common in traditional horticultural, agricultural, and pastoral societies around the world Typically consists of siblings with their spouses and offspring, and often their parents. Typically consists of siblings with their spouses and offspring, and often their parents. Extended family is a way of keeping land intact, providing additional security for individuals in times of crisis Extended family is a way of keeping land intact, providing additional security for individuals in times of crisis

14. Extended Family Extended families have built into them particular challenges. Extended families have built into them particular challenges. –Among these are difficulties that the in- marrying spouse is likely to have in adjusting to his or her spouse’s family. In many societies, the extended families are the primary unit of social organization. In many societies, the extended families are the primary unit of social organization.

15. Question One explanation for the existence of extended families in many cultures is that One explanation for the existence of extended families in many cultures is that A.Raising children is more difficult in traditional societies B.Religious beliefs make it difficult for children to leave home. C.A lack of money or wealth makes it impossible for family members to leave. D.The need for a large labor pool and cooperation in economic activities keeps family members together.

16. Question One explanation for the existence of extended families in many cultures is that the need for a large labor pool and cooperation in economic activities keeps family members together. One explanation for the existence of extended families in many cultures is that the need for a large labor pool and cooperation in economic activities keeps family members together.

17. Nontraditional and Nonfamily Households In North America and parts of Europe, increasing numbers of people live in nonfamily households, either alone or with nonrelatives. In North America and parts of Europe, increasing numbers of people live in nonfamily households, either alone or with nonrelatives. Many others live as members of what are often called nontraditional families. Many others live as members of what are often called nontraditional families. –These include single-parent households.

18. Household Types in the United States in 2000

19. Five Basic Residence Patterns Where some form of conjugal or extended family is the norm, family exogamy requires that either the husband or wife, if not both, must move to a new household upon marriage. Where some form of conjugal or extended family is the norm, family exogamy requires that either the husband or wife, if not both, must move to a new household upon marriage. Five common patterns of residence: patrilocal, matrilocal, ambilocal, neolocal and avunculocal. Five common patterns of residence: patrilocal, matrilocal, ambilocal, neolocal and avunculocal.

20. Residence Patterns Patrilocal residence: a residence pattern in which a married couple lives in the locality associated with the husband’s father’s relatives. Patrilocal residence: a residence pattern in which a married couple lives in the locality associated with the husband’s father’s relatives. –This arrangement is favorable in situations where men play a predominant role in subsistence –Where patrilocal residence is customary, the bride often must move to a different band or community. –80% of societies are patrilocal and patrilineal

21. Residence Patterns Matrilocal residence: a residence pattern in which a married couple lives in the wife’s mother’s place of residence. Matrilocal residence: a residence pattern in which a married couple lives in the wife’s mother’s place of residence. –Is likely to result if ecological circumstances make the role of the woman predominate for subsistence. –Found most often in horticultural societies, where political organization is relative un- centralized and where cooperation among women is important.

22. Residence Patterns Ambilocal residence: a pattern in which a married couple may choose either matrilocal or patrilocal residence. Ambilocal residence: a pattern in which a married couple may choose either matrilocal or patrilocal residence. –For people like food-foragers, who find their food in nature and who maintain an egalitarian social order –Can be a crucial factor in both survival and conflict resolution.

23. Residence Patterns Neolocal residence: a pattern in which a married couple may establish their household in a location apart from either the husband’s or the wife’s relatives. Neolocal residence: a pattern in which a married couple may establish their household in a location apart from either the husband’s or the wife’s relatives. –Occurs where the independence of the nuclear family is emphasized Avunculocal residence: a residence pattern in which a married couple lives with the husband’s mother’s brother. Avunculocal residence: a residence pattern in which a married couple lives with the husband’s mother’s brother.

24. Question The residence pattern in which a woman leaves her family after marriage to live with the family in which her husband grew up is the The residence pattern in which a woman leaves her family after marriage to live with the family in which her husband grew up is the A.Patrilocal residence pattern B.Neolocal residence pattern C.Matrilocal residence pattern D.Ambilocal residence pattern

25. Question The residence pattern in which a woman leaves her family after marriage to live with the family in which her husband grew up is the patrilocal residence pattern. The residence pattern in which a woman leaves her family after marriage to live with the family in which her husband grew up is the patrilocal residence pattern.

26. Marriage, Family, and Household in our Globalized and Technologized World In many countries marriage, family, and household forms have become more varied in recent decades. In many countries marriage, family, and household forms have become more varied in recent decades. Contributing factors include new reproductive technologies Contributing factors include new reproductive technologies –In vitro fertilization –Open adoption