4.  Nationalist movements in Africa, Middle East, and Asia involved mass mobilization › Nationalist leaders had to promise jobs, civil rights, equality to gain their support (visions of utopia) › Once Europeans driven away, there would be enough resources for everyone › Post Europeans: Not enough resources to go around › Long standing tensions between groups resurface  Boundaries (Pakistan and Bangladesh)  Human conflicts in Africa cause famine and starvation  Civil wars consume resources that could bolster economy  Politicians ignore problems

5.  “New World “ foods (Pop. Growth in China, India, Java, Niger delta)  War and famine reduced  Death rates fall, births increase, improved hygiene and medical treatment, improved sewage systems, purified water › South Asia: moderate growth rates have led to huge populations › Africa: Fast growing population, but AIDS and economy may slow or reduce growth  Hurt by lack of industry, can’t provide for own populations  Population control difficult › cultural factors  Resistance to birth control, procreation seen as sign of male virility  Some African and Asian leader oppose state attempts at birth control  Importance of lineage in Africa  Sons important for continuing family line  Women important in Africa, but not Asia › Prior to 20 th century high mortality rates mean losing 10-12 of 15-16 children  Necessary to have many children to take care of parents

6.  Mass migrations to urban areas › Search for jobs, “good life”  Towns don’t have industrial sectors › Few jobs, competition for those that existed, ensures low wages › Unemployed turn to street vending, scavenging, begging, petty crime  Urban Poor= volatile factor in politics › Cheer on one or jeer the other, riot and loot in times of crisis, shock troops, urban mobs  Towns › Slums with makeshift shelters  Originally no electricity, running water, sewage  become permanent › towns parasitic: heavily dependant for survival on food and resources drawn from their own country side or from abroad  Take from countryside, give little in return  Problems caused by rural overpopulation: › Soil depletion › Deforestation › Overgrazing › Desertification › Industrial pollution (even though industry is small, pollution is greater because they cant afford antipollution technology)

8. › Many emerging nations write female suffrage into their constitutions › Some women’s rule can be deceptive  Indira Gandhi: India’s prime minister, one of the most resolute and powerful of all third world leaders  Daughter of Jawaharlal Nehru (India’s first prime minister)  Corazon Aquino: President of Philippines  Wife of martyred leader of Filipino opposition to Ferdinand Marcos  Benazir Bhutto: Prime minister of Pakistan  Daughter of Pakistani prime minister toppled by military coup and executed › Most women in Africa, Middle East, Asia have been relegated to peripheral political positions or have no participation in political process › Second class position in most societies  Early marriage ages, large family norms prevent higher education or career  Male-centric customs (India serve husbands and son first, eat what is left)  1970’s: 20% of female population is malnourished, 30% have diet below acceptable UN standards › Low sanitation and scarcity of food causes anxiety for women about nutrition for children and disease › Religious Revivalism:  Veiling, stoning those caught in adultery  Dominated by male family members

9.  Industrial development › little success, need capital to develop, little left once other state expenses are paid  Cash crops, minerals › dependent on prices, causes problems with future spending plans  Other Problems: › Neocolonialism: global economy dominated by industrial nations › Corruption › High concessions for international assistance

10.  Charismatic Populists and One-Party Rule › Kwame Nkrumah, Ghana  Soviet support  cocoa, cash crop  deposed, 1966

12.  Muslim Brotherhood › Hasan al-Banna  Free Officers, 1930s › nationalistic › Gamal Abdul Nasser › allied with Muslim Brotherhood

13.  Nasser › land redistribution › free education › food staples regulated › forced British from Canal zone › Israel  Six-Day War, 1967

14.  Anwar Sadat › negotiations with Israel  Hosni Mubarak