1. January 2013

2. fertile soils GGeographic factor most important to the development of the early river valley civilizations. 2

3. rich soil  One reason for the development of an early civilization in the Tigris- Euphrates river valleys was that periodic flooding left, ________which was ideal for farming. 3

4. waterways  Early civilizations that developed along the Nile, the Tigris-Euphrates and the Huang He (Yellow River) because transportation and communication were promoted by a mild climate, fertile soil, and natural ________________. 4

5. divisions  Under the Hammurabi code of law _________ existed between social classes. 5

6. monotheism Judaism, Islam, and Christianity share a belief in ____________ and ethical conduct. 6

7. caste system  “When I go to the office, I put on my shirt and I take off my caste; when I come home, I take off my shirt and I put on my caste.”  The main idea of this quotation? The __________ continues to influence Indian society 7

8. Confucius  According the teachings of __________, the key to the successful organization of society is that individuals should know and do what is expected of them. 8

9. Buddhist  The __________ religion teaches that salvation is earned by learning to give up selfish desires. 9

10. Jewish  The __________religion and cultural identity has been greatly influenced by the Torah and the Diaspora. 10

11. religion  In India, the Caste system determined a person’s occupation, personal associations, and marriage partner. This situation shows that the Caste system has been a way of life as well as an element of _________. 11

12. Islam  Mansa Musa’s journey to Mecca in the 1300’s is evidence that _______ had a major influence on the Mali Empire. 12

13. Buddhism  The Eightfold Path, the Four Noble Truths, and the concept of nirvana are associated with the religion of ____________. 13

14. Nonviolence  The fundamental principles of Buddhism are practicing ___________ and giving up worldly desires. 14

15. animism  A belief of _____________ is that spirits of nature inhabit all living and nonliving objects. 15

16. Sahara Desert  One reason the cultures of North Africa developed differently from the cultures of the rest of Africa was that these areas of Africa were separated by the ____________. 16

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18. isolation  In China, the development of ethnocentrism was most influenced by its geographic _____________. 18

19. traditional In most ____________ societies, sons learn the same trades as their fathers. 19

20. culture TThe study of ___________ primarily involves learning why various peoples live as they do. 20

21. cultural diffusion TThe practicing of Islam in Nigeria i s an example of ______________ in Africa. 21

22. villages  One result of the Neolithic Revolution was the establishment of _________ and the rise of governments. 22

23. cultural diffusion  Which term is used to describe the spread of Buddhism from India through Southeast Asia? 23

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25. Rift Valley RRecent archeological studies suggest the theory that the earliest humans evolved in the ___________ in Africa. 25

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28. traditional  Geographic isolation of a people frequently reinforces a _________way of life. 28

29. law  The Ancient Romans’ most significant contribution to Europe has been in the area of ________. 29

30. Athenians  The Ancient _____________ are credited with establishing governments that had democratic elements. 30

31. surplus  Before towns and cities can develop in a society, the society needs to establish an agricultural __________. 31

32. Greeks TThe ______ established the basis of western democracy. 32

33. Roman Republic Roman Republic  A major contribution of the ___________ to Western European culture was the concept of government by laws. 33

34. Byzantine Empire  After the fall of Rome, the eastern portion of the Roman Empire became known as the______________. 34

35. disorder  An immediate result of the fall of the Roman Empire was a period of________ and weak central government. 35

36. Orthodox Christian  An influence that spread from the Byzantine Empire to Early Russia was the ______________ religion. 36

37. Hellenic  Alexander the Great’s conquests of Greece, Asia Minor, Egypt, and Persia led to the spread of _______ culture 37

38. Africa  Axum, Kush, and Nubia were early civilizations in ________. 38

39. Europeans  Axum, Kush, Mali and Songhai societies had a long and rich history before their first contact with _________. 39

40. Sparta  The Ancient Greek city-state of _______ was a powerful military state 40

41. trading routes  African kingdoms of Egypt, Ghana, Mali and Songhai were located on major ____________. 41

42. salt  One reason the ancient kingdoms in western Africa prospered was that they developed extensive trade in gold, ivory, and ________. 42

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44. Byzantine  The Empire that for almost a thousand years ensured the survival of Christianity when Western Europe was too weak. 44

45. Russia TThe Byzantine empire introduced the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Cyrillic alphabet to ______. 45

46. Cyrillic  Contact with Byzantine culture in the 10th century led to the adoption of the Eastern Orthodox religion and the ___________ alphabet by the Russian people. 46

47. codified laws  In the Ancient Kingdom of Mali and in the Roman Republic, an important feature of life was the development of ______________. 47

48. primary source  The diary of a survivor of a Nazi death camp is an example of a ____________. 48

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50. Dynasty  A succession of rulers from the same family.  The history of the Gupta _____ begins with its founding by Sri-Gupta around 240 CE. 50

51. Mandate of Heaven  The concept of the____________, as practiced in China, was used to justify rebellion and replacement of one ruler for another. 51

52. trade  The ancient western African kingdoms of Mali, Ghana, and Songhai established economies based on ________. 52

53. Ganges  The _______ River remains important to India because it is a sacred river for the Hindu population. 53

54. Pax Romana  Augustus began his rule during this period of time known as the “Roman Peace”. 54

55. Ottoman Turks  The Byzantine Empire came to an end in 1453 A.D. when the city of Constantinople fell to the ___________. 55

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