1. South Asia
Afghanistan is usually considered part of the ME not South Asia as shown on the map.

2. Indus River Valley Civilization (also called: Harappan Civilization) 330-1300BCE
One of the worlds earliest urban civilizations.
Population height: over 5m
Traders, artisans, farmers
Technologically advanced: sewage systems
More advanced than many areas of Pakistan & India today!
Roots of Hinduism found here. 1A
Picture shows the extent of the Indus Valley Civilization imposed over modern borders: Bronze Age civilization
Dancing girl of Mohenjo Daro
Photo of excavated ruins. Ruins discovered in the 1920’s
The ancient Indus systems of sewerage and drainage that were developed and used in cities throughout the The advanced architecture of the Harappans is shown by their impressive dockyards, granaries, warehouses, brick platforms, and protective walls
Within the city, individual homes or groups of homes obtained water from wells. From a room that appears to have been set aside for bathing,wastewater was directed to covered drains, which lined the major streets. Houses opened only to inner courtyards and smaller lanes. 

3. Colonization
India had millions of people, most were very poor & either Hindu or Muslim.
For thousands of years, India was ruled by different dynasties & kingdoms.
Great Britain, France, & Portugal took advantage of the internal fighting & built colonies in India.
British goal: to get cotton goods, spices, silk & indigo.
French & British East India Companies fought for control over India - British EIC won. 1A
Indigo is a plant from which blue dye is made.

4. Sepoy/Indian Rebellion 1857
1st Indian War for independence from British
Indians angered by British imposing British laws & customs, outlawing many traditional Indian customs.
Rebellion united the Indians together. 1A
Sepoy: Indigenous soldier serving in the army of the foreign conqueror.
The Indian Rebellion of 1857 occurred as the result of an accumulation of factors over time, rather than any single event.
Events leading up to the rebellion:
Rifle introduced into the army; to load it, sepoys had to bite off the tops f the greased cartridges which (rumor said) were smeared with beef & pork grease. PROBLEM: Cows sacred to Hindus, Muslims not allowed to eat pork.
Soldiers who refused were jailed. Sepoy rebellion began when some soldiers released these jailed soldiers.
B govt took control of the military & trade
Jobs based on ability, not class (this went against the caste system)
Education reforms, education like the British system. Indian customs ignored.
Indian practices destroyed if the violated British law.
Suttee abolished in 1829: Indian practice of a Indian widow (often drugged) committing suicide on her husbands funeral pyre British passed a law allowing widows to remarry.
Muslims resented their loss of govt power,
British attitude of superiority
Forcing sepoys (Indian soldiers in British service) to serve in other areas of Asia. Potentially losing their caste position by leaving the country.
Indian soldier facing execution for protesting the new use of the new rifles smeared with beef & pork grease. Photo from the movie ”MANGAL PANDEY: THE RISING”

5. Gandhi (1869-1948) & Independence
Born :India College: London.
Lived & worked in South Africa: Goal to make things better for the ppl of S. Africa & India
Urged Indians to be peaceful use non-violent resistance .
Gandhi & others imprisoned multiple times for protesting.
1947 India gained independence, 1st PM was Nehru, ally of Gandhi.
Powerful nation (British) defeated by a peaceful revolution.
Has been compared to Martin Luther King & Nelson Mandela
Honored by the name “Mahatma” in 1914 which means “great soul“
Also known as civil disobedience
Urged people of India to stop working, organized peaceful marches and protests.
Hunger Strike: Because of G’s stature around the world, the British did not want him to die in their custody.
hunger strike which lasted 116 days, only drank liquids. Ended with the British giving in to his wishes.
PM = Prime Minister

7. India/Pakistan Partition
When the British left, they divided India into 2 parts:
Pakistan: Muslim
India: Hindu
Fighting began over this new border & the “Kashmir region”.
Gandhi (78 yrs!) – 5 day hunger strike, stopped the fighting.
12 days later, a Hindu man, who disagreed with Gandhi's ideas of peace & tolerance for ALL, shot & killed Gandhi.

9. Issues in India Today Overpopulation Economic development.
Hindu-Muslim tensions.
Gender issues: dowry killings.
Caste bias
Kashmir dispute
Nuclear weapons.
Political assassinations.
Poverty
The population of India is just over 1 billion people. It is believed that India’s population will surpass that of China by No success with family planning, birth control/abortion. Necessity of large families in agrarian subsistence lifestyle.
India's economy is uneven at best: many Indians lead a subsistence lifestyle, while a sizeable middle class and a small upper class live in the cities.
Dowry killings: killing a daughter because of unpaid dowry, or too small.
The situation in Kashmir is quite dangerous. Ongoing hostilities continue, and both sides continue a low-level crossfire across the border of this divided region. Three wars have been fought over Kashmir: 1948, 1965, and The 1972 partition did not settle the issue.
Because both sides, India and Pakistan, have nuclear weapons, some fear that the potential for large-scale war could lead to the use of these nuclear weapons. In the summer of 2002, India and Pakistan came within a hair’s breadth of war.

10. India’s “mixed economy”
private & public ownership.
Dependent on foreign aid & investment
Urban areas have high-tech companies.
3/4 are farmers
India has had a "mixed economy" in which both private business and government invest in and direct the economy. Today, India has been moving away from state ownership and subsidies to business.
India's government has established five-year plans to set economic goals.
The Green Revolution of the 1960s and 1970s made great headway, but faltered due to most farmers' lack of money to buy hybrid seeds, fertilizers, and equipment. Imports still needed.

11. Per Capita Income in India
Currency is in rupees. Economy is growing rapidly & is expecting to continue to increase: trade!
Large economy but has low per capita income. Extreme Poverty
Per capita income is $1,527 in American dollars.
India now has the 4th largest economy in the world.

12. The Indian Caste System
Caste System: a social structure in which classes are determined by heredity 
Important to the Hindu faith to live according to ones caste
Photo of “untouchable” children
See Hindu/religions notes from the 1st semester.
Dalit (untouchable) children often have limited opportunities in the caste system.
Many Hindus in the past believed that untouchables deserved this treatment — a treatment that is in many ways even harsher than that inflicted on African Americans before the Civil Rights Movement. Hindus think that a person is born to this class because of bad karma he or she earned in a pervious life.
The caste system is NOT described in the Hindu scripture. The system was originally devised to create an understandable division of labor and identify different groups of people.

13. Hinduism see religions notes from 1st semester
World’s oldest religion.
More than just a philosophy, is a way of life.
Hinduism has no founder , no single set of beliefs, no basic religious text (not bound by a single doctrine).
Reincarnation: people collect Karma by doing good. As people do good they hope to be reborn into a higher status or caste. The ultimate goal is to escape birth and death and become one with Brahman, the universal soul. This state is called nirvana.

14. Sikhism see “Religions” notes from 1st semester for detailed information
Sikhism combines the Muslim belief in one god with the Hindu belief in karma & reincarnation

15. Ganges River For Hindus… Holy river
Expected to bathe in this river at least once in your lifetime.
washes away your sins.
18C, 16C
Holy River, incredibly dirty, polluted.
The river's reputation as a purifying river appears to have a basis in science.
It has a unique ability to retain oxygen.

16. TAJ MAHAL
ताज महल
Built by the ruler Shah Jahan in the 17th Century as a tomb for his wife.

17. India’s “Green Revolution”
1940’s-1970’s
GOAL  make India self-sufficient in food grains.
Introduced modern science, technology, fertilizers & irrigation methods to help farmers triple their crops
8A, 20B Green Revolution
India has had a "mixed economy" in which both private business and government invest in and direct the economy. Today, India has been moving away from state ownership and subsidies to business.
India's government has established five-year plans to set economic goals.
The Green Revolution of the 1960s and 1970s made great headway, but faltered due to most farmers' lack of money to buy hybrid seeds, fertilizers, and equipment. Imports still needed.

18. Population Density
5B population density

19. Influence of Mountains
Population & Settlements
lower elevation = higher pop
Movement
Khyber Pass (in the Hindu Kush Mts) between Afghanistan & Pakistan. “Gateway for invasions”
Climate
Blocks cold air from the North
13A
Photo is of Khyber pass

20. The Himalayas 29,035 feet. Highest mt. peak in the world.
WG3B
“him” [snow] “alaya” [home]
the Himalayas are still rising, albeit at a much slower rate. The Indian plate is continuously moving north at the rate of about 2 cms every year. Because of this reason the Himalayas are rising at the rate of about 5 millimeter per year. This means that the Himalayas are still geologically active and structurally unstable. For this reason, earthquakes are a frequent occurrence in the entire Himalayan region.
29,035 feet.
Highest mt. peak in the world.
Formed by tectonic plate movement.

21. Thar Desert
Up to 127ºF in July.

22. Monsoons
Strong, often violent winds that change direction with the season.
WINTER (Nov-April): Monsoons blow from land toward the sea.
Result: hot/dry winters
SUMMER (May-Oct): from the sea toward land
Result: rainy summers
The monsoon winds blow from the northeast and carry little moisture.
The temperature is high in the winter because the Himalayas form a barrier that prevents cold air from passing onto the subcontinent (remember LEMPOSA?).
The summer monsoons roar onto the subcontinent from the southwest.
The winds carry moisture from the Indian Ocean and bring heavy rains during the summer, from June to September.
The torrential rainstorms often cause violent landslides.
Entire villages have been swept away during monsoon rains.
Despite the potential for destruction, the summer monsoons are welcomed in India. Two main reasons: Farmers depend on the rains to irrigate their land. A great deal of India’s electricity is generated by water power provided by the monsoon rains.
Pakistan is much drier than India. The summer monsoon winds in India bring moisture from the Indian Ocean.