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2.  Project: temporary endeavor to achieve some specific objectives in a defined time  Project management ◦ Dynamic process ◦ Controlled and structured process ◦ Use the organization’s resources ◦ Achieve clear objectives 2

3.  Program ◦ Collection of inter-dependent projects ◦ Managed in a coordinated manner  Portfolio management ◦ Managing active and future projects 3

4.  Seeking success  Success means  In time  In budget  Planned features (goals, deliverables)  Responsibility and authority need to be clear 4

5.  Shorter time  Lower costs  Higher quality  Higher profits  Higher productivity  Better communication and coordination  Better control of financial, physical, and human resources  Less worker stress 5

6.  Feasibility study  Design and planning  Launch and execution  Termination  Post-project evaluation 6

7.  Time required to complete the project  Availability and cost of key resources  Technological problems  New actions taken by competitors 7

8.  Scope: What does the customer expect from the project?  Time: What is the project’s schedule?  Cost: What is the project’s budget? What resources are needed?  Quality: How good does the quality of the product need to be to satisfy the customer?  Risk: How much uncertainty are we willing to accept on the project? 8

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10.  Proposal writing (RFP)  Project planning and scheduling  Project costing  Project monitoring and reviews  Personnel selection and evaluation  Report writing and presentations  Conflict resolution  Adjust to change and risks 10

11.  The application area: domain, industry, market, etc.  The project environment: politics, culture, change management, etc.  General management: financial management, strategic planning, etc.  Human relations: sensitivity, credibility, leadership, motivation, negotiation, conflict management, style, integrity, ethics, etc. 11

12. Project Concept Project Design Project Development Quality Assurance Beta Release GA and end of life 12

13.  Discuss new project ideas ◦ Fit the company strategy?  Evaluate and report on costs  Get approval to define the new project 13

14.  Project idea and costs have been approved  Establish a core team  Define schedule, feature list and release date  Define cost baseline  Freeze the requirements document 14

15.  Develop the requirements  Verify that it works  Pass the project to the QA to check against the company quality standards  Pass the project to the technical documentation team to create manuals and help files 15

16.  Test programs and documentation  Check conformance to the design and requirements documents 16

17.  Determine Beta sites  QA team leads the Beta testing activities  Development team fix defects  Help desk should be ready for full support 17

18.  Help desk assists end users  IT team manages the daily use of the project  Development fixes bugs  Evaluate the effectiveness of estimation  Evaluate the work process  Product withdrawal 18

19.  Size is estimated as: ◦ Line Of Code (LOC) ◦ Function Points (FPs)  Function points ◦ external inputs and outputs ◦ user interactions ◦ external interfaces ◦ files used by the system ◦ elementary processing  FPs are very subjective. They depend on the estimator. Ian Sommerville19

20.  There is no simple way to make an accurate estimate of the effort required to develop a software system ◦ Initial estimates are based on inadequate information in a user requirements definition ◦ The software may run on unfamiliar computers or use new technology ◦ The people in the project may be unknown  Project cost estimates may be self-fulfilling ◦ The estimate defines the budget and the product is adjusted to meet the budget Ian Sommerville,20

21.  One or more experts in both software development and the application domain use their experience to predict software costs. Process iterates until some consensus is reached.  Advantages: Can be accurate if experts have direct experience of similar systems  Disadvantages: Very inaccurate if there are no experts! Ian Sommerville,21

22.  The cost of a project is computed by comparing the project to a similar project in the same application domain  Advantages: Accurate if project data available  Disadvantages: Impossible if no comparable projects. Ian Sommerville,22