1. Optical Telescope Assembly R&D Phase WBS 2.2 M. Lampton Space Sciences Laboratory University of California Berkeley 09 July 2002 Draft OTA10, 5 June 2002

2. Telescope: Overview l Schedule and WBS Overview l Science Driven Requirements l Baseline Characteristics l Telescope Status l R&D Issues l R&D Goals l R&D Schedule l R&D Manpower l R&D Costs l R&D Management l Summary

3. Overall Schedule draft May 28 2002

4. Telescope: WBS Overview 2.2.2 TELESCOPE SYSTEMS ENGINEERING 2.2.2.1 Develop telescope requirements 2.2.2.2 Telescope design and evaluate trades 2.2.2.3 Telescope analyses 2.2.2.3.1 Optical performance 2.2.2.3.2 Stray light 2.2.2.4 Telescope I&T planning 2.2.3 TELESCOPE SUBSYSTEMS 2.2.3.1 Optical subsystems; GSE 2.2.3.1.1 Mirrors 2.2.3.1.2 Baffles 2.2.3.2 Mechanical: structure & GSE 2.2.3.2.1 Precision metering structure 2.2.3.2.2 Mechanisms: focussers, alignment... 2.2.3.2.2.1 Mirror actuators 2.2.3.2.2.2 Shutter 2.2.3.3 Thermal control 2.2.3.4 Electrical 2.2.4 TELESCOPE INTEGRATION AND TEST 2.2.5 TELESCOPE SOFTWARE (alignment; focussing) 2.2.6 TELESCOPE SUPPORTING ACTIVITIES

5. Telescope: Science Driven Requirements Light Gathering Power —must measure SNe 4 magnitudes fainter than 26 magnitude peak —require SNR of 50:1 at peak brightness —presence of zodiacal light foreground radiation —time-on-target limited by revisit rate & number of fields —spectroscopy demands comparable time-on-target —requires geometric diameter ~ 2 meters Angular resolution —signal to noise ratio is driver —diffraction limit is an obvious bound —Airy disk at one micron wavelength is 0.12 arcseconds FWHM —other blur contributions must be kept well below this limit. Field of View —determined by required supernova discovery rate —volume of space is proportional to field of view —one degree field of view will deliver the requisite discovery rate Wavelength Coverage —0.35 to 1.7 microns requires all-reflector optical train

6. Telescope Status: Baseline Configuration Prolate ellipsoid concave primary mirror Hyperbolic convex secondary mirror Flat folding mirror with central hole Prolate ellipsoid concave tertiary mirror Flat focal plane Delivers < 0.06 arcsecond FWHM geometrical blur over annular field 1.37 sqdeg Adapts to focal lengths 15 meters through 30 meters; baseline=21.66m Provides side-mounted detector location for best detector cooling

7. Baseline OTA Characteristics Aperture: 2 meters Annular Field of View: ~1 sq deg Wavelength Range: 0.35 to 1.7 microns Strehl: >90% at 1.0 microns WFE: <50 nm RMS Focal surface: flat EFL: 21.66 meters, f/11 Stray light: << Zodiacal foreground

8. Telescope Status: History Wide-field high-resolution telescopes are NOT new —Schmidt cameras (1930 to present) —Wynne cameras (e.g. FAUST) —Field-widened cassegrains, Gascoigne (1977-); SDSS —Paul three-mirror telescopes (1935) and Baker-Paul —Cook three-mirror anastigmats “TMAs” (1979) —Williams TMA variants (1979) —Korsch family of TMAs (1980) —Angel-Woolf-Epps three-mirror design (1982) —McGraw three-mirror system (1982) —Willstrop “Mersenne Schmidt” family (1984) —Kodak “IKONOS” Earth Resources telescope = TMA —LANL/Sandia/DoE Multispectral Thermal Imager = TMA

9. Telescope Status: Downselection 1999-2002: TMA Suitability Assessments —off-axis designs attractive but unpackagable; rejected —four, five, and six-mirror variants explored; rejected —annular field TMA concept rediscovered & developed —TMA43 (f/10): satisfactory performance but lacked margins for adjustment —TMA55 (f/10): improved performance, shorter pri-sec, margins OK —TMA59 (f/15): same but with longer focal length —TMA62 (f/11): transverse rear axis with filter wheel —TMA63 (f/11): transverse rear axis, no filter wheel

10. Payload Layout 1 Telescope is a three-mirror anastigmat 2.0 meter aperture 1.37 square degree field Lightweight primary mirror Low-expansion materials Optics kept near 290K Transverse rear axis Side Gigacam location passive detector cooling combines Si & HgCdTe detectors Spectrometers share Gigacam focal plane Minimum moving parts in payload shutter for detector readouts

11. Payload Layout 2

12. Telescope: Image Quality Issues Image quality drives science SNR, exposure times,.... Many factors contribute to science image quality —diffraction: size of aperture, secondary baffle, struts,... —aberrations: theoretical imaging performance over field —manufacturing errors in mirrors —misalignments & misfocussing of optical elements —dirt, contamination, or nonuniformity in mirror coating —guiding errors —spacecraft jitter —detector issues Work has begun on a comprehensive budget —ongoing simulation team efforts —Bernstein’s “Advanced Exposure Time Calculator” PASP —telescope studies feed into the simulations

13. Telescope Status: Ray Trace TMA62/TMA63 configuration Airy-disk zero at one micron wavelength 26 microns diam=0.244arcsec

14. Telescope Status: Pupil Obscuration Trades

15. Telescope Status: Stray Light Trades Guiding principle: keep total stray light FAR BELOW natural Zodi R.O.M. assessment gives... —Natural Zodi (G.Aldering) = 1 photon/pixel/sec/micron —Starlight+Zodi scattered off primary mirror = 0.002 —Starlight+Zodi scattered off support spider < 0.001 —Sunlight scattered off forward outer baffle edge = 2E-5 —Earthlight scattered off forward outer baffle inner surface = 0.02 —Total stray = 0.02 photon/pixel/sec/micron Long outer baffle is clearly preferred —limit is launch fairing and S/C size ASAP software in place ASAP training 2001; further training in 2003 Preliminary telescope ASAP models being built ASAP illumination environment models being built Our intension is to track hardware & ops changes as they occur, allowing a “system engineering management” of stray light.

16. Telescope Technology Roadmap Existing technologies are suitable for SNAP Optical Telescope Assembly New materials, processes, test & evaluation methods are unnecessary Mirror materials —Corning ULE glass: extensive NRO flight history; lightweight —Schott Zerodur glass/ceramic composite: lower cost, widely used in ground based astronomical telescopes; huge industrial base —Astrium/Boostec SiC-100: newcomer; unproven in space optics; higher CTE; adoped for Herschel/FIRST in infrared Metering structure materials —M55J carbon fiber + cyanate ester resin; epoxy adhesive bonds —full report in Pankow presentation Mirror finishing technology —conventional grind/polish/figure using abrasives —ion-beam figuring available from two vendors Mirror surface metrology —same as other space telescopes, e.g. cassegrains —standard interferometer setups will do the job for SNAP —no unusual accuracy drivers have been encountered

17. Telescope Status: Mirror Materials Trade Corning ULE ultra-low expansion glass —face sheets bonded to honeycomb core —achieves 85-90% lightweight; anticipate 250kg primary —extensive manufacturing & test history —meets our performance requirements —attractive for its high natural resonance frequencies, low sag —eases mass margin for entire mission Schott Zerodur glass/ceramic material —solid blank, weight relieved by milling backside —achieves 70-80% lightweight; anticipate 350kg primary —extensive manufacturing & test history —meets our performance requirements Study contract is in place

18. Telescope Trade Studies Summary Trade Studies worked during Pre-R&D Phase —Optical configuration: >>TMA —Warm optics vs cold optics: >>warm —FIDO integrated sensor array vs separated: >>integrated Trade Studies continuing through R&D Phase —Mirror materials: ULE vs Zerodur vs others —Exact aperture: cost & schedule vs aperture —Strehl ratio: cost vs performance —Focal length: is 21.66m the right value? —Pupil obscuration issues secondary mirror baffle strut configuration —Mirror thickness, rib design, stiffness, mass.... —Protoflight vs Prototype + Flight metering structures —Detailed test & acceptance sequence gravity unloading scheme full aperture vs partial aperture during thermal-vacuum testing?

19. Telescope: Overall Risk Assessment Mirror fab/test risks —Far less demanding than HST: we are NIR not NUV —yet -- need comprehensive test plan. Mechanical structural risks —comprehensive test plan: static, dynamic, etc Thermal and mechanical disturbance issues —“Easy” thermal environment: HEO has few eclipses Schedule risks: OTA is a long lead item! Error budget: fixturing, optical test equipment, etc —Do we need a full-aperture reference test flat? Contamination control: materials & test plan Stray light control: management & test plan

20. Telescope: Main R&D Issues Critical path: telescope is a long lead item. —how big is our slack? Need to begin development of the OTA requirements document for potential bidders —Need to refine performance specifications —Need to understand & communicate tolerances —Need to prepare draft Interface Control Documents optical thermal mechanical electrical —Need to assess risks and take steps to minimize them —Need to perform trade studies (outlined above)

21. Telescope: R&D Phase Deliverables Telescope Requirements Specification Document —include manufacturing tolerance; alignment specifications Subcontractors’ Final Reports Metering Structure Concept Trades Telescope Mirror Materials Trade Study OTA Thermal Model and Results Summary Focussing/Alignment Tolerance Analysis Focussing/Alignment Mechanism Trade Study Front Aperture Door: Trade Study Integration Flow and Test Plan Preliminary Stray Light Analysis Shutter Mechanism Reliability & Failure Modes Study Telescope acquisition plan: schedule/milestones, cost.

22. Telescope Acquisition Plan Potential Vendors Identified —Ball Aerospace Systems Division (Boulder) —Boeing-SVS (Albuquerque/Boulder) —Brashear LP (Pittsburgh) —Composite Optics Inc (San Diego) —Corning Glass Works (Corning NY) —Eastman Kodak (Rochester) —Goodrich (Danbury) —Lockheed-Martin Missiles & Space Co (Sunnyvale) —SAGEM/REOSC (Paris) These vendors have been briefed on SNAP mission Each has responded to our Request for Information Identify a route (materials, fabrication, test, integration, test) —Milestones with appropriate incentives —Visibility into contractor(s) activities

23. Telescope: R&D Schedule Zero-order Design Report1 Aug 2003 Draft Requirements Review1 Aug 2003 Long Lead Procurement Budget Request1 Oct 2003 Systems Engineering Management Plan1 Feb 2004 Performance Assurance Implementation Draft1 Feb 2004 Risk Management Plan1 Feb 2004 OTA Study RFP1 Feb 2004 OTA Study Contract in place1 Apr 2004 Preliminary Project Execution Plan1 May 2004 Preliminary Hazards Analysis1 May 2004 Systems Requirements Review1 May 2004 Conceptual Design Report1 Aug 2004

24. Telescope: R&D Phase Manpower U.C.B. SSL Personnel -- TelescopeFY03FY04FTE --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- M.Lampton, SSL Team Lead0.750.80 D.Pankow, SSLMech/Therm Lead0.400.40 M.Sholl, SSLOptics Lead0.700.70 R.Pratt, SSLMech Design0.30.30 H.Heetderks, SSLSystems(SE)(SE) In addition -- we make use of varying amounts of support from LBNL engineering personnel.

25. Telescope: R&D Phase Contracts Contracts -- TelescopeFY03FY04FTE --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Krim Consulting0.250.5 Boeing-SVS-0-0.25 Corning-0-0.25 Breault Research Organization-0-0.1

26. Telescope: R&D Phase Management Management objective: biddable Requirements Document that reflects all science requirements and trades Experienced team has been assembled Have begun dialogs with prospective vendors Have begun examining potential fab/test flows No need for high-risk “advanced” materials or processes Emphasize proven manufacturing & test techniques We plan on selection of contractor(s) with sufficient experience to bring successful delivery cost & schedule This contractor mix defines the overall acquisition plan

27. Telescope: CDR Preparations Plan Fully complete and document all trade studies Supplement these with industry commentary Use system-engineering “budgets” to identify optimum allocation of tolerances & resources Identify materials and fabrication alternatives taking into account schedule risk and overall cost Detail the acquisition plan and milestones Prepare acceptance test plan, including flight qual tests: —Structural stability, thermal, stiffness, normal modes, creep —Alignment and focussing plan —Thermal vacuum and optical stability —Stray light —Gravity unloading plan —Full-aperture and limited-aperture test opportunities —Facilities needed, facilities available

28. Telescope: Summary Pre-R&D —converted science drivers into telescope requirements —reviewed existing optical telescope concepts —developed annular-field TMA configuration —preliminary materials assessment —begun to explore vendor capabilities —started a budget for image quality R&D Phase —engineering trade studies and “budgets” —manufacturing process risk assessments —test plans and associated cost/risk trades facilities; equipment —prepare the acquisition plan —performance specifications & tolerance analysis —create draft ICDs —develop preliminary cost & schedule ranges