1. Theodor Herzl (1860-1904) One of the founders of modern Zionism – the political, largely secular project to create a state for the Jewish people Lived in Austro-Hungarian Empire and worked as a journalist, lawyer, and writer in Vienna Initially a believer in the emancipation of Jews and their assimilation into European societies Witness to wave of anti-Semitism in France following the Dreyfus Affair of 1894 Ultimately rejected assimilation into European societies and called for Jews to leave Europe and create their own Jewish state Author of The Jewish State (1896)

2. Earl of Cromer (Evelyn Baring) (1841-1917) Britain’s consul-general in Egypt from 1883-1897 Effectively ruled over Egypt while it was still under the Ottoman Empire Egypt became a British protectorate (1914-1922) Cromer: strong believer in British imperialism and its civilizing mission in its colonies Cromer’s strategy: remake Egypt into a nation that embodies the universalist values of a now exportable Western Civilization

3. Joseph Chamberlain (1836-1914) British social reformer, politician, and imperialist Secretary of State of the colonies in the coalition government of Lord Salisbury (1895-1903) Advocate of social progressivism and empire Critic of free trade capitalism and proponent of exclusive trading bloc within the British Empire Speech, “Preference, the True Imperial Policy” (February 1905)