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The Nuclear Reactors from a « Natural History » Perspective Bertrand BARRÉ, AREVA President European Nuclear Society Director ANS Vice-president INSC.

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Presentation on theme: "The Nuclear Reactors from a « Natural History » Perspective Bertrand BARRÉ, AREVA President European Nuclear Society Director ANS Vice-president INSC."— Presentation transcript:

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2 The Nuclear Reactors from a « Natural History » Perspective Bertrand BARRÉ, AREVA President European Nuclear Society Director ANS Vice-president INSC

3 - BB Natural History – Obninsk 2004 IAEA-CN-114/P2-7 2 The Nuclear Reactors from a « Natural History » Perspective  The ebullient Beginnings  The Drivers of Selection  Today (and to-morrow)  Biotope, Dominance & Selection  From spontaneous Selection to a formalized Process  Conclusion

4 - BB Natural History – Obninsk 2004 IAEA-CN-114/P2-7 3 Darwin’s Life Tree

5 - BB Natural History – Obninsk 2004 IAEA-CN-114/P2-7 4 The ebullient Flourish of the 50s (Idaho Falls Coffee Shop, 1973)

6 - BB Natural History – Obninsk 2004 IAEA-CN-114/P2-7 5 Chicago Pile #1 Graphite Natural uranium (metal & oxide)

7 - BB Natural History – Obninsk 2004 IAEA-CN-114/P2-7 6 Simplified Nuclear Reactors « Phylum » + MSR ? Fermi w-Pu GraphiteMagnox AGR HTR HWR w-Pu Candu SGHWR + SWU LWR RBMKNaval p. BWR PWR FBR +Reprocessing +Accél. ?, ADS

8 - BB Natural History – Obninsk 2004 IAEA-CN-114/P2-7 7 A few Drivers of the Selection Excessive ambition Technical problems Incommodité Accidents (or risks) Bad « timing » Uranium Utilisation Independance Duality/synergies Industrial Strength Technical breakthrough Waste minimisation

9 - BB Natural History – Obninsk 2004 IAEA-CN-114/P2-7 8 The result of 50 years of « natural » selection : Nuclear Power Plants, end 2000 PWR BWR VVR GCR RBMK CANDU FBR Operating : 357 GWe LWR = 87% Construction : 43 GWe

10 - BB Natural History – Obninsk 2004 IAEA-CN-114/P2-7 9 Evolution « If any species does not become modified and improved in a corresponding degree with its competitors, it will soon be exterminated » Charles Darwin. The origin of species, 1859

11 - BB Natural History – Obninsk 2004 IAEA-CN-114/P2-7 10 Some LWR « Weaknesses » Inefficient U Ressources Utilisation Limits to Pu recycle, not efficient in Transmutation Large Units Sophisticated Safety Mediocre thermal Efficiency Opportunities for challengers ?

12 - BB Natural History – Obninsk 2004 IAEA-CN-114/P2-7 11 From « Natural » Selection to Formalized Processes  First Failed Attempt : the INFCE  Short Term Selection : URD & EUR  The long View : Gen IV & INPRO

13 - BB Natural History – Obninsk 2004 IAEA-CN-114/P2-7 12 The concept of « Generation IV » Early Prototype Reactors Generation I - Shippingport - Dresden, Fermi I - Magnox Commercial Power Reactors Generation II - LWR-PWR, BWR - CANDU - VVER/RBMK 1950 19601970198019902000201020202030 Generation IV - Highly Economical - Enhanced Safety - Minimal Waste - Proliferation Resistant - ABWR - EPR - System 80+ - AP600 - … Advanced LWRs Generation III Gen I Gen II Gen III Gen IV

14 - BB Natural History – Obninsk 2004 IAEA-CN-114/P2-7 13 Generation IV International Forum  Ready for commercialisation >2030  Significant progress in : Sustainability Safety & Reliability Resistance to proliferation & physical protection Economy  Competitive on diverse markets  Multipurpose : Power, Heating, desalination, hydrogen… To develop one or several “generation 4”nuclear system(s)

15 - BB Natural History – Obninsk 2004 IAEA-CN-114/P2-7 14 Nearly 100 technical experts contributing to the R&D planning NERAC GEN IV Roadmap NERAC Subcommittee (GRNS) Technical Community  Industry  Universities  National Laboratories DOE-NE Roadmap Integration Team (RIT) Evaluation Methodology Water-Cooled Reactors Gas-Cooled Liquid-Metal-Cooled Non-Classical Concepts Technical Working Groups: Fuel Cycle CrosscutFuels & MaterialsRisk & Safety EconomicsEnergy Products Generation IV International Forum (GIF) ArgentinaBrazilFrance S. Africa KoreaSwitzerland UKUS Canada Japan Overall GEN IV roadmap organisation

16 - BB Natural History – Obninsk 2004 IAEA-CN-114/P2-7 15 Generation IV Concepts GEN IV ConceptsAcronym Spectrum Fuel cycle  Sodium Cooled Fast RSSFRFast Closed  Lead Alloy-Cooled RS LSFFast Closed  Gas-Cooled Fast RS GFRFast Closed  Very High Temperature RS VHTR Thermal Once-Through  Supercritical Water Cooled RS SCWRTh.&Fast Once/Closed  Molten Salt RS MSRThermal Closed

17 - BB Natural History – Obninsk 2004 IAEA-CN-114/P2-7 16 Time sequencing and development phasing 2000200520102015202020252030 ViabilityPerformance Demonstration Fuels, Fuel Treatment, Materials, Safety, Reliability Fuels, Materials, Recycle, H 2 Production Fuels, Materials, Recycle, Safety Materials, Safety Advanced Recycle Fuels, Materials, H 2 Production MSR LFR GFR SCWR SFR VHTR

18 - BB Natural History – Obninsk 2004 IAEA-CN-114/P2-7 17 Different systems for different applications 20002005201020152020202520302035204020452050205520602065 Hydrogen Electricity Generation Waste Burndown Fissile Creation Near- Term Systems

19 - BB Natural History – Obninsk 2004 IAEA-CN-114/P2-7 18 INPRO

20 - BB Natural History – Obninsk 2004 IAEA-CN-114/P2-7 19 10 Gtoe per year Oil Gas Coal Wood,… Nuclear Hydro Renew. 35% 21% 23,5% 6,8%

21 - BB Natural History – Obninsk 2004 IAEA-CN-114/P2-7 20 Reduce CO 2 Emissions while Producing more Energy The Challenge of the Climate Threat Nuclear Power is Part of the Answer

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