1. Basic Human Needs Safety and Protective Environment
Body Defense Mechanisms: Inflammation, Immunity and the Stress Response

2. IMMUNITY Purpose of inflammation and immunity
Neutralize, eliminate or destroy organisms that invade internal environment
Healthy self cells are distinguished from non-self cells by immune system cells

4. SELF AND NON-SELF CELLS
Body can only defend against an invader if it is able to distinguish between its own cells (self) and those of an invader (non-self)
Each cell in the body carries on its surface the same distinct marker for selfness

5. SELF AND NON-SELF CELLS
Tissue introduced into a person (i.e. transplant) will be recognized as non-self
Key feature of the immune system is its ability to recognize self against non-self cells (Self-tolerance). If this does not occur can lead to autoimmune disorders where the immune system attacks self cells

6. HUMAN LEUKOCYTE ANTIGENS
Universal Product Code—proteins found on the surface of all body cells of an individual
Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLAs) are proteins responsible for each individual’s universal product code. Their function is to transport antigens from within the cell to the cell surface

7. HLAs
Immune System uses the HLAs to differentiate between self and non-self cells. Any cells displaying that person’s HLA type belongs to that person (and is not an invader)
HLAs is dependent on which genes are inherited by parents

8. Self -Tolerance—Ability to recognize self vs. non-self cells
Self -Tolerance—Ability to recognize self vs. non-self cells. Necessary to prevent healthy body cells from being destroyed along with invaders
Antigen (antibody generation) is a specific foreign protein that prompts the generation of antibodies. Antigens specify tissue type of person

9. FACTORS AFFECTING IMMUNE SYSTEM FUNCTION
Nutritional Status
Environmental Conditions
Therapeutic Agents
Presence of Disease
Age
Genetics
Certain viruses

10. Organization of the Immune System
Stem Cells
Maturation
Leukocytes (refer to Ignatavicius Table 19-1, pg. 309)
Actions
Recognize self vs. non-self
Phagocytic destruction
Production of cytokines
Production of antibodies

11. THE THREE PROCESSES OF HUMAN PROTECTION THROUGH IMMUNITY
INFLAMMATION
ANTIBODY- MEDIATED IMMUNITY
CELL- MEDIATED IMMUNITY

13. INFLAMMATION
Process by which the body utilizes WBCs and chemicals to provide immediate protection from infection and foreign substances
Nonspecific immune response
Can rid body of harmful organisms
Tissue damage may result from chronic inflammation

14. WHAT DISEASES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH INFLAMMATION?
WHAT ARE THE SYMPTOMS OF INFLAMMATION?
WHAT CAUSES THE SYMPTOMS OF INFLAMMATION?
WHAT MEDICATIONS ARE USED TO TREAT INFLAMMATION?

15. TYPES OF CELLS INVOLVED IN INFLAMMATION
NEUTROPHILS
SEGS, BANDS AND LEFT SHIFT
MACROPHAGES
EOSINOPHILS
BASOPHILS

16. PROGRESSIOM FROM BAND TO SEG

18. PHAGOCYTOSIS
Key process of inflammation
Cellular process of engulfing solid particles such as bacteria and cell debris and removing them
Rids the body of debris after tissue injury
Neutrophils and macrophages

19. PHAGOCYTOSIS—SEVEN STEPS
EXPOSURE AND INVASION
ATTRACTION
ADHERENCE
RECOGNITION
CELLULAR INGESTION
PHAGOSOME FORMATION
DEGRADATION

21. INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE SEQUENCE
Stage I- Vascular (change in blood vessel)
Phase I rapid blood vessel constriction
Phase II hyperemia, edema
Stage II- Cellular Exudate increase in circulating neutrophils, formation of pus
Stage III- Tissue Repair and Replacement

24. ANTIBODY-MEDIATED IMMUNITY
Antibody—a protein (gammaglobulin) that forms to defend the body from a specific antigen (foreign substance), such as chemical agents, virus particles, and bacterial toxins
All antibodies are gammaglobulins (also called immunoglobulins)
Globulin is a protein in a globular shape
Globular proteins provide immunity
Resulting term is immumoglobulin

25. ANTIBODY-MEDIATED IMMUNITY
Antigen-Antibody Reactions
Destroy, eliminate, neutralize foreign proteins
Long lasting immune reaction
Entire immune system must function adequately for optimal AMI

26. ANTIBODY-MEDIATED IMMUNITY
CELLS INVOLVED IN AMI
B-cells
Macrophages
T-Lymphocytes
B-Cells
Start as stem cells from bone marrow
Produce antibodies to specific foreign protein
Develop in lymphocytic tissue
Produce antibodies

27. ANTIBODY-MEDIATED IMMUNITY

28. ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY INTERACTIONS
EXPOSURE
ANTIGEN RECOGNITION
LYMPHOCYTIC SENSITIVATION
ANTIBODY PRODUCTION AND RELEASE
ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY BINDING
ANTIBODY BINDING ACTIONS
SUSTAINED IMMUNITY: MEMORY

29. ANTIBODY TYPES
IMMUNOGLOBULINS ARE CLASSIFIED BY SIZE, TIMING, AND ASSOCIATION
IgA
IgD
IgE
IgM

30. ACQUIRED ANTIBODY MEDIATED IMMUNITY
Innate-native Immunity
Adaptive Immunity
Active Immunity

31. ACQUIRED ANTIBODY MEDIATED IMMUNITY
Nature Active Immunity
Artificial Active Immunity
Passive Immunity

32. CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY
Provided by mature lymphocyte stem cells
Helps protect the body by differentiating self from non-self cells. Cells most easily recognized by CMI are cancer cells and those cells inflicted by organisms that live in the host cell

33. CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY
T-lymphocytes (T-cells)
Helper-Inducer T- Cells
Suppressor T-cells
Cytotoxic/Cytolytic T-Cells
Natural Killer Cells

34. CYTOKINES
Small, secreted proteins which regulate immunity, inflammation, and hematopoiesis
Act by binding to specific membrane receptors, which then signal the cell to alter its behavior, causing a change in function of the target cell.
Many different types of cells can produce the same cytokine, and a single cytokine may act on a variety of target cells

35. CYTOKINES

36. TRANSPLANT REJECTION
Hyperacute Rejection
Acute Graft Rejection
Chronic Rejection

37. TREATMENT OF TRANSPLANT REJECTION
Medication
Maintenance
Rescue Therapy

38. Stress & Coping

39. Scientific Knowledge Base
Fight or flight response to a stressor
Stimulation of sympathetic nervous system
Medulla Oblongata
Reticular Formation
Pituitary Gland

40. General Adaptation Syndrome
Alarm Reaction
Resistance Stage
Exhaustion Stage

42. Response to Stress Physiological Responses- LAS, GAS
Local Adaptation Syndrome-1.) Reflex Pain Response 2.)Inflammatory Response
General Adaptation Response- 1.)Alarm Reaction (Flight or Fight) 2.) Resistance Stage 3.) Exhaustion Phase

46. Types of Stress Eustress Distress
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PSTD)

47. Understanding Stress Response
Psychological response- Coping Mechanism, Ego-Defense Mechanism
Situational Factors
Developmental/Maturational Factors
Intellectual Factors
Emotional, Behavioral Issues
Family Factors
Lifestyle Factors
Sociocultural, Spiritual Factors

48. Assessing Stress Physiological Indicators Stress Situations
Psychological Indicators
Developmental Indicators
Emotional Behavioral Indicators
Intellectual Indicators
Family Indicators

49. Implementation Stress Management Time Management Medications
Alternative Therapies
Regular Exercise
Good Nutrition and Diet
Rest
Support Systems
Crisis Intervention

50. Restorative Care Humor Enhancing Self-esteem Relaxation Techniques
Spirituality
Stress Management