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Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 32 Human Evolution Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. sharp claws common ancestor 1 Humans hominin 2 Chimpanzees Hominines 3 hominin chimpanzee common Hominids forests spread. evolve and Angiosperms Gorillas Hominoids a. Tree shrew suction cup-like pads 4 gorilla lowland western Orangutans 5 orangutan Bornean Anthropoids short thumb Gibbons nails gibbon white-handed monkey rhesus b. Tarsier Old World Monkeys monkey capuchin long thumb New World Monkeys fingers easily curve enters trees. ancestor Mammalian c. Monkey 7 Tarsiers 6 tarsier Philippine lemur ring-tailed Prosimians Lemurs 70 60 Million Years Ago (MYA) 50 40 30 20 10 d. Human
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Outline Evolution of Primates Evolution of Early Hominins
Mobile Limbs Stereoscopic Vision Evolution of Early Hominins Evolution of Later Hominins Evolution of Early Homo Modern Humans Human Variation
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Evolution of Primates The evolution of primates is characterized by trends towards: Mobile limbs Grasping hands A flattened face Stereoscopic vision A large, complex brain, and A reduced reproductive rate
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Primate Diversity PROSIMIANS NEW WORLD MONKEY ASIAN APES AFRICAN APES
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. PROSIMIANS NEW WORLD MONKEY ASIAN APES AFRICAN APES White-faced monkey, Cebus capucinus Orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus OLD WORLD MONKEY Chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes Humans, Homo sapiens Ring-tailed lemur, Lemus catta d. Tarsier, Tarsius bancanus Anubis baboon, Papio anubis White-handed gibbon, Hylobates lar Western lowland gorilla, Gorilla gorilla a. a(Lemur): © Frans Lanting/Minden Pictures; a(Tarsier): © Doug Wechsler; b(Monkey): © C.C. Lockwood/DRK Photo; (Baboon): © St. Meyers/Okapia/Photo Researchers, Inc.; c(Orangutan): © Tim Davis/Photo Researchers, Inc.; c(Gibbon): © Hans & Judy Beste/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; c(Chimpanzee, gorilla): © Martin Harvey/Peter Arnold, Inc.; d(Humans): © Comstock Images/JupiterImages b. c.
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Mobile Limbs Hands and feet
Most primates have flat nails instead of claws Sensitive pads on the undersides of fingers and toes Many also have both an opposable big toe and thumb Mobile limbs and clawless opposable digits allow primates to freely grasp and release tree limbs
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Evolution of Primate Hand
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. sharp claws suction cup-like pads a. Tree shrew short thumb nails b. Tarsier long thumb fingers easily curve c. Monkey d. Human
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Stereoscopic Vision Three-dimensional vision Depth perception
Allows primates to make accurate judgments about distance and position of adjoining tree limbs Some primates have color vision
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Stereoscopic Vision binocular field Reduced snout does not block
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. binocular field Reduced snout does not block vision.
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Large, Complex Brain Larger brain can process more sensory input
In apes and humans The portion of the brain devoted to sight is larger The portion of the brain devoted to smell is smaller The portion of the brain devoted to communication is larger
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Reduced Reproductive Rate
Decreased rate of reproduction Increased age of sexual maturity Extended lifespan Length gestation time Single births Juvenile period of development is extended, with emphasis on learned behavior and complex social interactions 10
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Evolution of Primates Prosimians were the first type of primate to diverge from the human line Surviving anthropoids are classified into three superfamilies New World monkeys Old World monkeys Hominoids
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Evolution of Primates 1 Humans hominin 2 Chimpanzees Hominines hominin
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. common ancestor 1 Humans hominin 2 Chimpanzees Hominines hominin 3 chimpanzee common Hominids Angiosperms forests spread. evolve and Gorillas Hominoids western lowland gorilla 4 Orangutans 5 Bornean orangutan Anthropoids Gibbons white-handed gibbon rhesus monkey Old World Monkeys capuchin monkey New World Monkeys Mammalian ancestor enters trees. Tarsiers 7 6 tarsier Philippine ring-tailed lemur Prosimians Lemurs 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Million Years Ago (MYA)
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Hominoid Evolution Proconsul is believed to be ancestral to hominoids
Phylogenetic tree indicates humans are most closely related to African apes Genetic changes used as a molecular clock to measure relatedness of different groups Last common ancestor of hominins appears to have lived about 5 mya
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Monkey Skeleton Compared to Proconsul Skeleton
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Monkey • flat palms and soles • arched vertebral column • short forelimbs • narrow rib cage • immobile shoulder joint a. Monkey skeleton Proconsul Monkeylike features: • short forelimbs • narrow rib cage • quadrupedal lifestyle Apelike features: • flat vertebral column • lack of a tail • mobile shoulder joints • larger brain relative to body size b. Proconsul skeleton © National Museums of Kenya
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Hominins Hominin fossils:
Must have an anatomy suitable for standing erect and walking on two feet Bipedalism Skeletal differences between humans and apes occur largely because: Humans are bipedal, while Apes are quadrupedal
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Classification CLASSIFICATION ORDER: Primates
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. ORDER: Primates • Adapted to an arboreal life CLASSIFICATION • Prosimians, Anthropoids SUBFAMILY: Homininae (hominines) TRIBE*: Hominini (hominins) Early Humanlike Hominins Sahelanthropus, ardipithecines, Later Humanlike Hominins australopithecines GENUS: Homo (humans) Homo habilis, Homo rudolfensis, Homo ergaster, Homo erectus Early Homo Brain size greater than 600 cc; tool use and culture Later Homo Homo heidelbergensis, Homo neandertalensis, Homo sapiens Brain size greater than 1,000 cc; tool use and culture * A new taxonomic level that lies between subfamily and genus.
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Adaptations for Standing
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Human spine exits from the skull’s center; ape spine exits from rear of skull. Human spine is S-shaped; ape spine has a slight curve. Human pelvis is bowl-shaped; ape pelvis is longer and more narrow. Human femurs angle inward to the knees; ape femurs angle out a bit. Human knee can support more weight than ape knee. Human foot has an arch; ape foot has no arch. a. b.
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Human Evolution Sahelanthropus tchadensis Australopithecus afarensis
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Sahelanthropus tchadensis Australopithecus afarensis Paranthropus robustus Homo habilis Homo sapiens Homo sapiens Homo neandertalensis Homo heidelbergensis Homo erectus Homo ergaster Homo rudolfensis Australopithecus garhi Homo habilis Australopithecus africanus Australopithecus afarensis Australopithecus anamensis Paranthropus aethiopicus Ardipithicus ramidus Paranthropus boisei Paranthropus robustus Sahelanthropus tchadensis 7.5 7 6.5 6 5.5 5 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 Million Years Ago (MYA)
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Australopithecines Australopithecines:
Evolved and diversified in Africa from 4 mya until 1 mya Possibly a direct ancestor of humans Southern Africa Australopithecus africanus Eastern Africa Australopithecus afarensis
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Australopithecus afarensis
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. © Dan Dreyfus and Associates
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Science Focus: Origin of Genus Homo
Remains of australopiths indicate that they: Spent part of their time climbing trees Retained many apelike traits. Their brain was slightly larger than that of a chimpanzee Genus Homo evolved from the genus Australopithecus,
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Science Focus: Origin of Genus Homo
Humans retain the high rate of fetal brain growth after birth The brain of other primates (including monkeys and apes) grows rapidly before birth After birth, their brain grows more slowly The adult human brain is more than three times as large as that of an adult chimpanzee
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© Ryan McVay/Getty Images
Human Infant Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. © Ryan McVay/Getty Images
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Evolution of Early Homo
Homo habilis Originated about 2 mya May be ancestral to modern humans Skulls suggest portions of the brain associated with speech were enlarged Ability to speak may have led to hunting cooperatively and the advent of culture
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Homo erectus Homo erectus and similar fossils
Found in Africa, Asia, and Europe Dated between 1.9 and 0.3 mya Larger brain and flatter face than Homo habilis Much taller than previous hominids Thought to have first appeared in Africa and then migrated into Asia and Europe First hominid to use fire
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© National Museums of Kenya
Homo ergaster Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. neck of femur femur © National Museums of Kenya
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Ecology Focus: Bicultural Evolution
Culture encompasses Human activities Products passed on from one generation to another outside of direct biological inheritance. Homo habilis (and Homo rudolfensis) could make the simplest of stone tools for hammering, chopping, and digging Homo erectus also made stone tools, but the flakes were sharper and had straighter edges.
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Homo erectus Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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Evolution of Modern Humans
Most researchers believe Homo sapiens evolved from Homo ergaster Out-of-Africa Hypothesis H. sapiens evolved from H. ergaster only in Africa, and thereafter migrated to Europe Multiregional Continuity Hypothesis Similar evolution occurred in many different places
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migration of Homo ergaster
Replacement Model Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. AFRICA ASIA EUROPE (present day) modern humans archaic humans archaic humans Million Years Ago (MYA) archaic humans Homo erectus Homo erectus 1 migration of Homo ergaster 2 modern humans Homo ergaster archaic humans
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Neandertals Neandertal (H. neandertalensis) skeletons were first discovered in Germany’s Neander Valley Skeletons date back 200,000 years Massive brow ridges with protruding nose, jaws, and teeth Heavily muscled Culturally advanced Manufactured variety of tools
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Neandertals Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. © The Field Museum, #A102513c
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Cro-Magnons Oldest fossils to be designated H. sapiens
Modern humans who entered Asia and Europe from Africa 100,000 years ago Made advanced stone tools Accomplished hunters Hunted cooperatively First to have language
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Cro-Magnons Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Transparency #608 Courtesy Dept. of Library Services, American Museum of Natural History
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Human Variation Hypothesized that human variations evolved as adaptations to local environmental conditions Bergmann’s Rule - Animals in colder regions of their range have a bulkier body build Allen’s Rule - Animals in colder regions of their range have shorter limbs, digits, and ears Comparative study of mitochondrial DNA Suggests human populations have a common ancestor no more than a million years ago
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Ethnic Groups Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. a. b. c. a: © PhotoDisc/Getty Images; b: © Sylvia S. Mader; c: © B & C Alexander/Photo Researchers, Inc.
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Review Evolution of Primates Evolution of Early Hominins
Mobile Limbs Stereoscopic Vision Evolution of Early Hominins Evolution of Later Hominins Evolution of Early Homo Modern Humans Human Variation
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Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 32 Human Evolution Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. sharp claws common ancestor 1 Humans hominin 2 Chimpanzees Hominines 3 hominin chimpanzee common Hominids forests spread. evolve and Angiosperms Gorillas Hominoids a. Tree shrew suction cup-like pads 4 gorilla lowland western Orangutans 5 orangutan Bornean Anthropoids short thumb Gibbons nails gibbon white-handed monkey rhesus b. Tarsier Old World Monkeys monkey capuchin long thumb New World Monkeys fingers easily curve enters trees. ancestor Mammalian c. Monkey 7 Tarsiers 6 tarsier Philippine lemur ring-tailed Prosimians Lemurs 70 60 Million Years Ago (MYA) 50 40 30 20 10 d. Human
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