1. Dirk Bryant Lauretta Burke John McManus Mark Spalding Dirk Bryant Lauretta Burke John McManus Mark Spalding A collaboration of World Resources Institute International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management World Conservation Monitoring Centre United Nations Environment Programme

2. Coral Reefs as mapped by Darwin

3. Reefs At Risk is the first... u Systematic assessment of threats to the world’s coral reefs u Global map showing location of reefs at risk u Systematic assessment of threats to the world’s coral reefs u Global map showing location of reefs at risk

4. The Reefs at Risk Indicator Low Medium High

5. Results are sobering... u Nearly 60% of the world’s reefs were found to be at risk from human activities u Reefs with the highest levels of biodiversity are threatened u Most U.S. reefs are at risk u Nearly 60% of the world’s reefs were found to be at risk from human activities u Reefs with the highest levels of biodiversity are threatened u Most U.S. reefs are at risk

6. Why Reefs Matter

7. Coral reefs are often called the “Rainforests of the Sea” u About 4,000 species of fish and 800 species of reef-building coral have been identified

8. Coral reefs are a vital protein source for many... u Globally, one-fifth of all animal protein consumed by humans comes from marine environments u Coral reefs provide food for one billion people in Asia alone u Globally, one-fifth of all animal protein consumed by humans comes from marine environments u Coral reefs provide food for one billion people in Asia alone

9. Beach-related tourism is a major revenue earner... u Florida’s reefs contribute $1.6 billion to the economy from tourism alone u Caribbean countries derive half of their GDP from tourism ($8.9 billion in 1990) u Florida’s reefs contribute $1.6 billion to the economy from tourism alone u Caribbean countries derive half of their GDP from tourism ($8.9 billion in 1990)

10. Coral reefs can save human lives. Extracts are used to... u Treat infections, viruses, and other diseases u Prevent and treat skin cancer u Provide bone grafts u Treat infections, viruses, and other diseases u Prevent and treat skin cancer u Provide bone grafts

11. Coral reefs are a valuable resource Average Global Value of Ecosystem Services ($/HA/YR) From Costanza et al.

12. The Reefs at Risk Indicator

13. Global distribution of coral reefs

14. The Reefs at Risk indicator... u First global map of likely threats to coral reefs u Predicts threat, not actual reef condition u First global map of likely threats to coral reefs u Predicts threat, not actual reef condition

15. We predicted threat based on proximity to damaging human activity... u Using a geographic information system (GIS) computer model u Incorporating 800 reef locations known to be degraded as benchmarks u Using 14 global maps u Using a geographic information system (GIS) computer model u Incorporating 800 reef locations known to be degraded as benchmarks u Using 14 global maps

16. Coral reef experts from around the world helped... u Develop the computer model u Revise data u Review results u Develop the computer model u Revise data u Review results

17. Threats to reefs from four broad categories... u Coastal development u Marine pollution u Overexploitation of resources u Inland pollution and sediments u Coastal development u Marine pollution u Overexploitation of resources u Inland pollution and sediments

18. Coastal development... u Dredging u Construction materials u Building on reefs u Nutrients from sewage u Sediments u Unregulated tourism

19. Tourists can love reefs to death

20. Coastal development stress factors... u Cities u Settlements u Airports and military bases u Mines u Tourist resorts u Cities u Settlements u Airports and military bases u Mines u Tourist resorts

21. Estimated threat from coastal development Low Medium High

22. Marine pollution u Oil spills u Discharge of oily ballast water

23. Marine pollution stress factors u Ports u Oil tanks and wells u Areas of intense shipping traffic u Ports u Oil tanks and wells u Areas of intense shipping traffic

24. Overexploitation and destructive fishing u Muro Ami Fishing u Overfishing

25. Destructive fishing damages reefs u Blast fishing u Fishing with cyanide

26. Destructive fishing practices in Southeast Asia are widespread Areas at High Risk

27. Rivers transport inland pollution directly to reefs u Soil sediments resulting from deforestation u Inappropriate agricultural practices

28. Inland pollution and erosion u Erosion potential modeled for 3000 watersheds u Estimated sediment “plume” at river mouth

29. Integrated results: The Reefs at Risk indicator Low Medium High

30. 58% of the world’s reefs are at risk from human activities Finding 1

31. Reefs of Southeast Asia are the most threatened Finding 2

32. Many areas of high diversity are also very threatened Low Medium High Finding 3

33. Almost two-thirds of Caribbean reefs are threatened Low Medium High Jamaica Barbados U.S. Virgin Islands Finding 4

34. Coral graveyards

35. Most reefs within U.S. waters are threatened Florida Puerto Rico and U.S.Virgin Islands Hawaii Low Medium High Finding 5

36. Overexploitation and coastal development are the greatest threats to reefs Finding 6

37. Virtually no reef can be considered pristine today ReefCheck survey finds most reefs overfished 90%

38. The world’s reefs are not sufficiently protected... u 40 countries contain no protected reef areas u Management goals of most marine protected areas (MPAs) are not met Finding 7

39. 12 threatened reefs profiled

40. Reefs and people can co-exist

41. Treating sewage protects reefs and human health

42. Eliminating perverse subsidies protects reefs

43. Signs of Promise

44. Combating threats to coral reefs... Solutions include environment-friendly economic opportunitiesenvironment-friendly economic opportunities coastal zone planning and managementcoastal zone planning and management educationeducation participatory decision-makingparticipatory decision-making enforcing lawsenforcing laws protection (marine parks and reserves)protection (marine parks and reserves) Solutions include environment-friendly economic opportunitiesenvironment-friendly economic opportunities coastal zone planning and managementcoastal zone planning and management educationeducation participatory decision-makingparticipatory decision-making enforcing lawsenforcing laws protection (marine parks and reserves)protection (marine parks and reserves)

45. Seven success stories profiled Apo Bermuda

46. Healthy Reefs

47. http://www.wri.org/wri/ http://www.wri.org/wri/