1. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.1 Chemistry 6/e Steven S. Zumdahl and Susan A. Zumdahl Chapter 9: COVALENT BONDING: ORBITALS

2. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.2 Covalent Bonding: Orbitals React 1 2 3 41234 React 5 6 7 85678 React 9 10 1191011 The Molecular Orbital Model Bonding in Heteronuclear Diatomic MoleculesBonding in Heteronuclear Diatomic Molecules

3. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.3 Draw the Lewis structure for hydrogen fluoride. What is the shape of a hydrogen fluoride molecule? React 1

4. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.4 Bonding in HF

5. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.5 Draw the Lewis structure for methane, CH 4. What is the shape of a methane molecule? What are the bond angles? React 2

6. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.6 Why can’t the bonding orbitals for methane be formed by an overlap of atomic orbitals? React 3

7. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.7 An Energy-Level Diagram Showing the Formation of Four sp 3 Orbitals

8. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.8 The Formation of sp 3 Hybrid Orbitals

9. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.9 Tetrahedral Set of Four sp 3 Orbitals

10. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.10 sp 3 Hybridization

11. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.11 Draw the Lewis structure for O 2. What is the shape of an oxygen molecule? What is the approximate angle between lone pairs of electrons on each of the oxygen atoms? React 4

12. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.12 Why can’t sp 3 hybridization account for the oxygen molecule ? React 5

13. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.13 An Orbital Energy-Level Diagram for sp 2 Hybridization

14. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.14 The Hybridization of the s, p x, and p y Atomic Orbitals

15. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.15 The Orbitals for C 2 H 4

16. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.16 sp 2 Hybridization

17. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.17 Draw the Lewis structure for CO 2. What is the shape of a carbon dioxide molecule? What are the bond angles? React 6

18. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.18 The Orbital Energy-Level Diagram for the Formation of sp Hybrid Orbitals on Carbon

19. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.19 When One s Orbital and One p Orbital are Hybridized, a Set of Two sp Orbitals Oriented at 180 Degrees Results

20. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.20 The Orbitals for CO 2

21. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.21 sp Hybridization

22. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.22 Draw the Lewis structure for PCl 5. What is the shape of a phosphorus pentachloride molecule? What are the bond angles? React 7

23. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.23 The Orbitals Used to Form the Bonds in PCI 5

24. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.24 Draw the Lewis structure for XeF 4. What is the shape of a xenon tetrafluoride molecule? What are the bond angles? React 8

25. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.25 XeF 4

26. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.26 Draw the Lewis structure for HCN. Which hybrid orbitals are used? Draw HCN: showing all bonds between atoms labeling each bond as  or . React 9

27. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.27 Which of the following is the more accurate statement and why? “The methane molecule is a tetrahedral molecule because it is sp 3 hybridized.” “The methane molecule is sp 3 hybridized because it is a tetrahedral molecule.” React 10

28. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.28 Determine the bond angle and expected hybridization of the central atom for each of the following molecules: NH 3 SO 2 KrF 2 CO 2 ICl 5 React 11

29. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.29 The Molecular Orbital Model

30. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.30 The Combination of Hydrogen 1s Atomic Orbitals to Form Molecular Orbitals

31. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.31 The Molecular Orbitals for H 2

32. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.32 The Molecular Orbital Energy-Level Diagram for the He 2 Molecule

33. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.33 The Molecular Orbital Energy-Level Diagram for the Li 2 Molecule

34. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.34 (a) The three mutually perpendicular 2p orbitals on two adjacent boron atoms. Two pairs of parallel p orbitals can overlap as shown in (b) and (c), and the third pair can overlap head-on as shown in (d).

35. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.35 Pi Bond and Antibonding Orbitals

36. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.36 The Molecular Orbitals from p Atomic Orbitals

37. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.37 The Expected Molecular Orbital Energy- Level Diagram Resulting from the Combination of the 2p Orbitals on Two Boron Atoms

38. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.38 The Expected Molecular Orbital Energy-Level Diagram for the B 2 Molecule

39. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.39 Molecular Orbital Diagram for a Homonuclear Diatomic Molecule

40. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.40 Magnetic Properties of Liquid Nitrogen and Oxygen

41. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.41 Diagram of the Kind of Apparatus Used to Measure the Paramagnetism of a Sample

42. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.42 The Correct Molecular Orbital Energy-Level Diagram for the B 2 Molecule

43. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.43 Molecular Orbital Summary of Second Row Diatomics

44. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.44 Bonding in Heteronuclear Diatomic Molecules

45. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.45 A Partial Molecular Orbital Energy-Level Diagram for the HF Molecule

46. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.46 The Electron Probability Distribution in the Bonding Molecular Orbital of the HF Molecule

47. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.47 The Sigma System for Benzene

48. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.48 The Pi System for Benzene