1. BIOLOGY CONCEPTS & CONNECTIONS Fourth Edition Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Neil A. Campbell Jane B. Reece Lawrence G. Mitchell Martha R. Taylor From PowerPoint ® Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections CHAPTER 22 Respiration: The Exchange of Gases Modules 22.1 – 22.4

2. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The air at the height of the world’s highest peak, Mt. Everest, is very low in oxygen –Even expert mountain climbers do not always survive the journey –Thin air can weaken muscles, damage the digestive system, cloud the mind, and sometimes fill the lungs with blood Surviving in Thin Air

3. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Geese have adaptations that allow them to fly over the Himalayas –Their efficient lungs draw more oxygen from the atmosphere –Their hemoglobin has a high affinity for oxygen –They have a large number of capillaries to deliver this oxygen- rich blood to tissues and muscles

4. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

6. Figure 22.1 1 Breathing 2 Transport of gases by the circulatory system 3 Servicing of cells within the body tissues Lung O2O2 CO 2 Circulatory system Capillary Cell CO 2 O2O2 Mitochondria

7. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

11. Figure 22.2A Cut Cross section of respiratory surface (the skin covering the body) Capillaries CO 2 O2O2

12. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 22.5A, C Air sacs Opening for air Tracheae Body cell TracheoleAir sac Trachea Air Body wall

13. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 22.2B Capillaries CO 2 O2O2 Respiratory surface (gill) Body surface

14. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings –Tracheae in insects –Lungs in land vertebrates Figure 22.2C, D Body cells (no capillaries) CO 2 O2O2 Respiratory surface (tracheae) Body surface Capillary CO 2 O2O2 Respiratory surface (within lung) Body surface

15. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 22.5B

16. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

21. The human respiratory system Figure 22.6A Nasal cavity Left lung Pharynx (Esophagus) Larynx Trachea Bronchus Bronchiole Diaphragm (Heart) Right lung

22. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 22.6C Figure 22.6B Oxygen-rich blood Oxygen-poor blood Alveoli Blood capillaries Bronchiole

23. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 22.10A

24. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 22.10B Heme group Iron atom Polypeptide chain O 2 loaded in lungs O 2 unloaded in tissues O2O2 O2O2

25. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 22.11A TISSUE CELL CO 2 produced INTERSTITIAL FLUID CO 2 BLOOD PLASMA WITHIN CAPILLARY Capillary wall H2OH2O H 2 CO 3 Carbonic acid RED BLOOD CELL HCO 3 – +H+H+ Hemoglobin picks up CO 2 and H + Bicarbonate HCO 3 –

26. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 22.11B ALVEOLAR SPACE IN LUNG CO 2 H2OH2O H 2 CO 3 HCO 3 – +H+H+ Hemoglobin releases CO 2 and H + HCO 3 – CO 2

27. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

28. 22.8 Breathing ventilates the lungs Figure 22.8A Rib cage expands as rib muscles contract Air inhaled Lung Diaphragm INHALATION Diaphragm contracts (moves down) EXHALATION Diaphragm relaxes (moves up) Rib cage gets smaller as rib muscles relax Air exhaled

29. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

31. Figure 22.9 Brain Cerebrospinal fluid BREATHING CONTROL CENTERS—stimulated by: CO 2 increase / pH decrease in blood Nerve signal indicating low O 2 level O 2 sensor in artery Pons Medulla Nerve signals trigger contraction of muscles Diaphragm Rib muscles

32. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

33. Figure 22.7A, B