1. Overview of the Air Toxics Program Jeff Whitlow U.S. EPA Whitlow.jeff@epa.gov May 15-18, 2007

2. Tribal Air Quality Management Process Implement Control Strategies -Title V and other Permits Surveillance and Enforcement Evaluate Air Quality Emissions Inventory Data Ambient Air Monitoring Data Choose Control Strategies -Voluntary programs -Some strategies may be regulatory Determine Necessary Emissions Reductions Modeling Set Air Quality Goals

3. Technology Tools/Requirements NAAQS Program – RACT: reasonably available control technology. Existing sources in NA areas – LAER: Lowest Achievable Emission Rate – New Major sources in NA areas – BACT: Best Available Control Technology – Major New Sources in Attainment areas Air Toxics – MACT: maximum achievable control technology – all sources in a source category, existing or new –Not designed to address specific health or environmental standard or goal

4. What are air toxics? Pollutants which (188 compounds listed in the CAA) – May cause cancer or other serious health effects – Environmental effects – Diverse physical and chemical characteristics – Some cause multi-media exposure – Transported locally, regionally, nationally or globally – May persist in the environment and/or bioaccumulate

5. Sources of Air Toxics Literally, thousands of sources Stationary sources include large industrial complexes – Chemical plants, oil refineries, steel mills Area sources that are small stationary sources – Dry cleaners, gas stations, small manufacturers Mobile sources Indoor sources

6. MACT Program Mobile Source Program Indoor Air Program Residual Risk Program Community-Based Program Air-Water Interface Program State/Local/Tribal Program Area Source Program Tools, Guidance, & Training NATA Emissions Inventory ModelingMonitoring Risk Characterization THE AIR TOXICS PROGRAM

7. The Air Toxics Program Activities under multiple Clean Air Act authorities to reduce air toxics emissions from all sources – Major industrial sources – Smaller stationary sources (called area sources) – Mobile sources (on-road and off-road) Addresses cumulative risks and impacts posed by exposures to multiple air toxics

8. Components of the Air Toxics Program Source-specific standards and sector-based standards – Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) – Residual Risk – Area Source – Mobile National, regional, community-based initiatives to focus on multimedia and cumulative risks – Integrated Urban Air Toxics Strategy – Great Waters – Mercury Initiatives – PBT & TMDL Initiatives

9. Components of the Air Toxics Program (con’t) National scale air toxics assessments (NATA) – Emissions inventories – Monitoring network – Air quality, exposure, and risk modeling – On-going research on effects & assessments Education and Outreach – Tools, Guidance, and Training – Communication

10. National Air Toxics Emissions

11. What does 5 million tons look like? In 2000, CA vintners crushed 3.3 million tons of grapes – a record year A Boeing 747 has a max. takeoff weight of 455 tons. 5 million tons equals almost 11,000 fully loaded Boeing 747s If you lined up 11,000 747s, the line of 747’s would extend 483 miles. Roughly the distance from Green Bay to Pittsburgh or St Louis

12. Clean Air Act - Section 112(k) Emissions from hazardous air pollutants from area sources may individually, or in aggregate, present significant risks in urban areas EPA shall prepare a comprehensive strategy to control emissions of hazardous air pollutants Encourages and supports areawide strategies developed by State or local air pollution control agencies

13. The Air Toxics Strategy Issued the Integrated Urban Air Toxics Strategy in July 1999 – An integrated framework for addressing air toxics in urban areas Looks at stationary, mobile, and indoor source emissions Identified a priority list of 33 HAPs which pose the greatest threat to public health in urban areas Listed 13 new area source categories

14. Goals of the Strategy 75% reduction in cancer incidence Substantial reduction in noncancer risks Address disproportionate risks

15. The Strategy Emphasizes Cumulative exposure from multiple source types Variability among urban areas Need to target problem areas Identify best combination of tools

16. Source Standards Urban Area source standards – for smaller sources (currently under development) Residual Risk – Examines remaining risk after MACT is in source category

17. Major Stationary Sources – MACT Program MACT = Maximum Achievable Control Technology Large stationary sources which emit more than 10 tons/year of any one pollutant or 25 tons/year of a mixture – Industrial complexes like chemical plants, oil refineries, and steel mills We issued 96 standards – (covering 174 source categories)

18. Major Stationary Sources - Residual Risk Program Purpose is to assess post-MACT risks from source categories Set additional standards, if needed, to protect public health with an “ample margin of safety” – within 8 years of MACT promulgations Initiated all residual risk standards for 2 & 4 year MACTs

19. Area Stationary Sources Area sources are smaller stationary sources – Emit less than 10 tons/year of a pollutant or 25 tons/year of a mixture – Example includes dry cleaners or gas stations Under 112(k), EPA must list and regulate area source categories that represent 90% of the emissions for each of the identified urban HAPs – Listed 70 area source categories – Have completed regulations for 15 – 20 more in progress

20. Technology Standards and Tribal Air Programs Federal Technology Standards can be delegated to tribes Tribes can develop alternative, but “no less stringent standards,” to meet needs Applicable requirements in Title V permits

21. Implementation of Standards Standards are national requirements States and tribes can accept delegation States and tribes can develop alternative requirements MACT implementation assistance tools available at http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/ – Rule overview brochures – Inspection checklists – Applicability flow diagrams

22. Technology Standards and Tribal Air Programs Federal standards become the “starting point” NOT designed to address specific air quality or risk goal Tribes may need additional rules or programs to address remaining risk

23. Community-Based Risk Assessment/Reduction Projects Integrated effort to support community level assessments and reduction strategies Goals – Better characterization of local air toxics risk – Support local decisions – Test and refine tools Phoenix, AZ

24. Community-Based Risk Assessment/Reduction Projects Active participation and involvement in community projects – Regionally led – 30 in progress Provide support, tools, and technical assistance/expertise Charlotte, NC skyline

25. Where are the CBPs?

26. Development of Tools, Guidance, & Training Methods and guidance for conducting assessments and making risk decisions Training on risk assessment, management, and communication The Air Toxics Community Assessment & Risk Reduction Projects Database

27. Development of Tools, Guidance, & Training (cont.) Workshops to share tools and experiences Provide technical support/expertise Developed 3 volume Risk Assessment Reference Library http://www.epa.gov/ttn/fera/risk_atra_main.html

28. Indoor Air Sources BOTH indoor and outdoor air exposures are important to air toxics – Outdoor air toxics set baseline level indoors – Outdoor air toxics infiltrate or are ventilated indoors – Indoor emissions are ventilated outdoors For meaningful reduction of risks, must address BOTH indoor and outdoor sources – Joint strategies, projects, and communication

29. Mobile Sources Mobile sources are significant contributors to toxics emissions On-road and off-road Three primary ways to reduce emissions: – Fuel controls – Engine controls – Reduction of vehicle miles traveled

30. National Air Toxics Assessments (NATA) Continued development of analytical tools to: – Identify areas of concern – Improve characterization of risks and risk reductions for all sources – Track our progress and prioritize efforts Accomplished through: – Emissions inventories development – Monitoring networks – Modeling

31. Who uses NATA? States – Oregon’s Air toxics Program sets priorities using NATA – Encourages better inventory Communities – Information and priority setting – EJ communities OAQPS – Data for standard setting Big residual risk rule Area source rulemaking – Verifies monitoring – Sets priorities (Chromium 6, coke ovens, and POM) – Serves as a check and balance system for inventory Regional Offices – Focus as primary tool for many regions air toxic efforts OTAQ – MSAT Rule used NATA

32. NATA Tools Maps for ambient concentrations, emission density, and risk New interactive GIS maps for cancer risk

34. For More Information The Air Toxics Website (ATW) – www.epa.gov/ttn/atw www.epa.gov/ttn/atw The Air Toxics Strategy – www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/urban/urbanpg.html www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/urban/urbanpg.html National-Scale Air Toxics Assessment – www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/nata www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/nata Community based Projects – www.epa.gov/air/toxicair