1. Objective Testing and Performance Measurement of Automotive Crash Warning Systems Presented by: Rick Norcross National Institute of Standards and Technology Authors – Sandor Szabo, Richard Norcross, Joseph Falco ITS America 2007 Annual Meeting & Exposition June 6, 2007

2. ITS America 2007 Annual Meeting June 6, 2007 2 Objective Test Evaluation Process Review Crash Data Conduct tests and Collect Data Analyze Data Report Results 11.21.41.61.8 Departure angle (Deg) 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 y(m) Distance to barrier at time of warning Crash Prevention Boundary crash no crash Develop Test Scenarios Specify/Build/Characterize the IMS Develop Objective Test Procedures

3. ITS America 2007 Annual Meeting June 6, 2007 3 Independent Measurement System (IMS) Measures key performance values to verify test conducted properly and to evaluate performance of warning system.

4. ITS America 2007 Annual Meeting June 6, 2007 4 Characterize IMS Sensors - Static Stationary Sensor Performance Part of developing ASTM Standard for 3Di Sensors –Combined Effort of MEL, BFRL, ATP Measure error and uncertainty of standard target for given variable factors and ranges Results: error is ~1 %  0.1% of range –(-0.8 m ± 8 cm at 72 m) –IVBSS Spec <5% of range (<3.6m @ 72 m) Variable Factors Range1, 20, 40, 72(m) Target Reflectance99, 50, 2(%) Target Angle of Incidence0, 30, 60(deg) Instrument Azimuth Angle-60, 0, 60(deg) Environment Indoor, Outdoor Time Day/Night Laser scannerTarget

5. ITS America 2007 Annual Meeting June 6, 2007 5 Characterize IMS Sensor - Dynamic Dynamic Sensor Performance Set up course of reflective strips at measured distances from a target Add optic sensor and enhanced GPS to vehicle to detect strips Drive by target and record time vehicle crosses reflectors Determine range sensor’s measured distance to target at time when vehicle crosses reflector Vehicle traveling at 30 m/s (67 mi/h)

6. ITS America 2007 Annual Meeting June 6, 2007 6 Example: Dynamic Error Cylinder ranges don’t overlap when vehicle moving (30 m/s) due to error in timing synchronization between sensors Right measurements closer than left measurements because vehicle moved between scans. Error proportional to relative velocity Barrel at 20 mSurveyed reflector Down view from bumperForward view Right scanner Left scanner GPS Time

7. ITS America 2007 Annual Meeting June 6, 2007 7 IMS Performance Test Used police training track in Sykesville, MD Focused on performance of laser scanner and ability to meet IVBSS test procedure needs Test used was “SV approaches slow moving lead vehicle” SV approaching slowing POV IBEO range data

8. ITS America 2007 Annual Meeting June 6, 2007 8 IMS Analysis Software Extended from RDCWS to support IBEO data analysis Range data DV video (30Hz) IBEO video (10Hz) Video and range data all synchronized to GPS time

9. ITS America 2007 Annual Meeting June 6, 2007 9 Concluding Remarks Accomplishments to Date: –Evaluated IMS range sensor static and dynamic performance Initiated upgrade of range sensor to provide longer range, higher angular resolution, wider FOV and improved synchronization –Developed common IMS sensor mounting bracket for LV and HT –Started IMS integration testing on LV and HT Activities in 2007 –Evaluate upgraded range sensor static and dynamic performance –Complete IMS integration testing on LV and HT –Use IMS to evaluate IVBSS performance during phase 1 track and on-road test activities