Download presentation
Presentation is loading. Please wait.
Published byEvangeline Strickland Modified over 9 years ago
2
Atoms Chemistry is the study of matter. Atoms, Elements, and Compounds- Chapter 6 Atoms are the building blocks of matter. Section 1 Chemistry in Biology Neutrons and protons are located at the center of the atom. Protons are positively charged particles. Neutrons are particles that have no charge. Electrons are negatively charged particles that are located outside the nucleus.
3
Elements Chemistry in Biology An element is a pure substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by physical or chemical means. There are over 100 known elements, 92 of which occur naturally. Atoms, Elements, and Compounds Section 1
4
Isotopes Chemistry in Biology Isotopes - atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons and electrons but have a different number of neutrons. Atoms, Elements, and Compounds Section 1 Radioactive Isotopes When a nucleus breaks apart, it gives off radiation that can be detected and used for many applications.
5
Compounds Chemistry in Biology A pure substance formed when two or more different elements combine in a specific combination of elements. Compounds cannot be broken down into simpler compounds or elements by physical means. Atoms, Elements, and Compounds Section 1
6
Chemical Bonds Chemistry in Biology Covalent bonds Chemical bond that forms when electrons are shared A molecule is a compount in which the atoms are held together by covalent bonds. Atoms, Elements, and Compounds Section 1
7
Ionic Bonds Chemistry in Biology Attraction between two oppositely charged atoms or groups of atoms. One element gives up an electron to the other. Atoms, Elements, and Compounds Section 1
8
Reactants and Products A chemical reaction is the process by which atoms or groups of atoms in substances are reorganized into different substances. Chemical Reactions Chemistry in Biology Section 1
9
Chemical Equations Chemistry in Biology Reactants are the starting substances, on the left side of the arrow. Products are the substances formed during the reaction, on the right side of the arrow. Chemical Reactions Section 2
10
Glucose and oxygen react to form carbon dioxide and water. The law of conservation of mass states matter cannot be created or destroyed. Chemistry in Biology Chemical Reactions Section 2
11
Chemistry in Biology The activation energy is the minimum amount of energy needed for reactants to form products in a chemical reaction. Energy of Reactions Chemical Reactions Section 2
12
Chemistry in Biology This reaction is exothermic and released heat energy. The energy of the product is lower than the energy of the reactants. Chemical Reactions Section 2
13
Chemistry in Biology This reaction is endothermic and absorbed heat energy. The energy of the products is higher than the energy of the reactants. Chemical Reactions Section 2
14
Chemistry in Biology A catalyst is a substance that lowers the activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction. Enzymes are biological catalysts. It does not increase how much product is made and it does not get used up in the reaction. Enzymes Chemical Reactions Section 2
15
Chemistry in Biology The reactants that bind to the enzyme are called substrates. The specific location where a substrate binds on an enzyme is called the active site. Chemical Reactions Section 2
16
Chemistry in Biology Factors such as pH, temperature, and other substances affect enzyme activity. Chemical Reactions Section 2 The active site changes shape and forms the enzyme-substrate complex, which helps chemical bonds in the reactants to be broken and new bonds to form.
17
Water’s Polarity Water and Solutions Chemistry in Biology Molecules that have an unequal distribution of charges are called polar molecules. Polarity is the property of having two opposite poles. A hydrogen bond is a weak bond between a hydrogen and another element. Ex: water to water (let’s draw) Section 3
18
Water’s unique properties: –Surface tension –Adhesion –Cohesion –Evaporative cooling –High specific heat capacity –Universal solvent
19
Chemistry in Biology Homogenous Mixtures A mixture that has a uniform composition throughout A solvent is a substance in which another substance is dissolved. A solute is the substance that is dissolved in the solvent. Water and Solutions Section 3
20
Chemistry in Biology Heterogeneous Mixtures In a heterogeneous mixture, the components remain distinct. Let’s draw Water and Solutions Section 3
21
Chemistry in Biology Substances that release hydrogen ions (H + ) when dissolved in water are called acids. Substances that release hydroxide ions (OH – ) when dissolved in water are called bases. Let’s draw Acids and Bases Water and Solutions Section 3
22
Chemistry in Biology The measure of concentration of H + in a solution is called pH. Let’s draw Acidic solutions have pH values lower than 7. Basic solutions have pH values higher than 7. pH and Buffers Water and Solutions Section 3
23
Chemistry in Biology Buffers are mixtures that can react with acids or bases to keep the pH within a particular range. Water and Solutions Section 3
24
Organic Chemistry The element carbon is a component of almost all biological molecules. The Building Blocks of Life Chemistry in Biology Section 4
25
Carbon has four electrons in its outermost energy level. One carbon atom can form four covalent bonds with other atoms. Chemistry in Biology Carbon compounds can be in the shape of straight chains, branched chains, and rings. Let’s draw The Building Blocks of Life Section 4
26
Macromolecules Chemistry in Biology Carbon atoms can be joined to form carbon molecules. Macromolecules are large molecules formed by joining smaller organic molecules together. Polymers are molecules made from repeating units of identical or nearly identical compounds linked together by a series of covalent bonds. The Building Blocks of Life Section 4
27
Making and Breaking Polymers Dehydration reaction – a reaction that removes a molecule of water in order to build a polymer. Hydrolysis – (essentially the reverse of dehydration reaction) the bond between two monomers is broken by the addition of a water molecule.
28
Let’s draw Dehydration and Hydrolysis
29
Chemistry in Biology Carbohydrates Compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms for each carbon atom—(CH 2 O) n Let’s draw The Building Blocks of Life Section 4
30
Chemistry in Biology Two monosaccharides joined together form a disaccharide. Longer carbohydrate molecules are called polysaccharides. The Building Blocks of Life Section 4
31
Chemistry in Biology Lipids Molecules made mostly of carbon and hydrogen and oxygen A triglyceride is a fat if it is solid at room temperature and an oil if it is liquid at room temperature. Let’s draw The Building Blocks of Life Section 4
32
Chemistry in Biology Lipids that are saturated fats – have only single bonds between the carbon atoms. Lipids that are unsaturated - have at least one double bond between carbon atoms. Fats with more than one double bond in the tail are called polyunsaturated fats. The Building Blocks of Life Section 4
33
Let’s draw Sat. and Unsat.
34
Chemistry in Biology Proteins Monomer - amino acids Amino acids are small compounds that are made of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, and sometimes sulfur. Let’s draw The Building Blocks of Life Section 4
35
When two amino acids are bonded together through dehydration reaction, a peptide bond is formed.
36
Chemistry in Biology Primary structure - The number and the order in which the amino acids are joined. Secondary structure - Folded into a unique three- dimensional shape, such as a helix or a pleat. The Building Blocks of Life Section 4
37
Tertiary structure – the overall, 3 Dimensional shape of a polypeptide. Quaternary structure – Bonding interaction with other polypeptide.
41
Quaternary Structure
42
Chemistry in Biology Nucleic acids are complex macromolecules that store and transmit genetic information. Nucleotides – the monomer that builds Nucleic acids. Let’s draw The Building Blocks of Life Section 4
Similar presentations
© 2024 SlidePlayer.com. Inc.
All rights reserved.