1. Warm-Up: What’s the Impact? Describe what is going on in this picture. Describe what is going on in this picture. What is the environmental impact? What is the environmental impact? Where is the pollution? Where is the pollution?

2. Warm-Up: What’s the Impact? Water lost to the atmosphere or blown away from the crops. Water lost to the atmosphere or blown away from the crops. Water carries pollutants from the fertilizers into the ground and can seep into the water supply. Water carries pollutants from the fertilizers into the ground and can seep into the water supply.

3. Water Pollution 1.2 billion people worldwide do not have 1.2 billion people worldwide do not have access to clean water Each day almost 10,000 children <5 years old Each day almost 10,000 children <5 years old in Third World countries die as a result of illnesses contracted by use of impure water. in Third World countries die as a result of illnesses contracted by use of impure water.

4. Water Pollution Water Pollution = degradation of water quality Water Pollution = degradation of water quality (biological, chemical, or physical) – Judged according to the use of the water Pollutant = any substance that in excess is known to be harmful to life Pollutant = any substance that in excess is known to be harmful to life

5. Surface-Water Pollution & Treatment Point Source = specific, confined pollution Point Source = specific, confined pollution Image: EPA

6. Surface-Water Pollution & Treatment Non-point Source = diffuse, intermittent pollution Non-point Source = diffuse, intermittent pollution – Influenced by: Land-use Hydrology Land-use Hydrology Native vegetation Native vegetation Topography Topography Geology Geology – Difficult to control, contains multiple pollutants

7. Hydrologic Cycle and Pollutants

8. Pollutants Oxygen-demanding waste Oxygen-demanding waste Disease causing organisms Disease causing organisms Nutrients Nutrients Oil Oil Hazardous Chemicals Hazardous Chemicals Heavy Metals Heavy Metals Radioactive Materials Radioactive Materials Thermal Pollution Thermal Pollution

9. Oxygen-Demanding Waste Bacteria in water consume organic matter and use oxygen in the process. Bacteria in water consume organic matter and use oxygen in the process. Too much bacteria in the water causes oxygen shortage so fish and other organisms die. Too much bacteria in the water causes oxygen shortage so fish and other organisms die. Urban sewage is prime breeding ground for bacteria Urban sewage is prime breeding ground for bacteria – may wash into natural systems via flood, earthquake, human error, etc.

10. Pathogenic Organisms Microscopic Microscopic Disease-causing: cholera, typhoid, hepatitis, dysentery Disease-causing: cholera, typhoid, hepatitis, dysentery Monitor: E. coli Monitor: E. coli – Found in human or animal waste May wash into natural systems via flood, earthquake, human error, etc. May wash into natural systems via flood, earthquake, human error, etc. E. coli

11. Nutrients Phosphorus & nitrogen Phosphorus & nitrogen – used in fertilizers, detergents, sewage- treatment plants Results in rapid growth of algae which: Results in rapid growth of algae which: – covers water surface blocking light from reaching plants below – consumes oxygen, killing off organisms Image: The SeaWiFS Project, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, & ORBIMAGE The green color along the coast is an algal bloom- Fish die

12. Nutrients Mississippi Dead Zone Mississippi Dead Zone – Offshore in Gulf of Mexico – Area ~size of New Jersey every summer – Mississippi River drains ~40% of continental U.S. – high levels of nutrients

13. Oil Exxon Valdez, Alaska Exxon Valdez, Alaska – March 1989 – Worst oil spill in U.S. history – Ran aground – >250,000 barrels of oil spilled – area was one of most pristine and ecologically rich in world – Short-term impacts: Many seabirds and mammals were killed Many seabirds and mammals were killed Fishing and tourism disrupted Fishing and tourism disrupted – Long-term impacts: ??? Environmental Hazard Symbol Image: NOAA Office of Response & Restoration High line of oil at Herring Bay 1999

14. Hazardous Chemicals Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether (MTBE) additive leaking into groundwater: Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether (MTBE) additive leaking into groundwater: – Underground gas leaks – Storm runoff from gas tanks/leaks on surface Santa Monica, California, 1997 Santa Monica, California, 1997 – MTBE pollution forced city to stop pumping groundwater eliminating 50% of drinking water supply.

15. Heavy Metals Lead, mercury, zinc, and cadmium Lead, mercury, zinc, and cadmium – metals can dissolve and become incorporated into plants, crops, and thus animals and humans. Sources: some natural, others burning fossil fuels, incinerating waste, processing metals. Sources: some natural, others burning fossil fuels, incinerating waste, processing metals. It is believed that human activity has increased mercury levels in the atmosphere 2-3x and 1.5% per year It is believed that human activity has increased mercury levels in the atmosphere 2-3x and 1.5% per year – Particles in the atmosphere get rained out and soak into soil

16. Thermal Pollution Thermal pollution = artificial heating of water Thermal pollution = artificial heating of water – Caused primarily by hot-water emissions from industrial operations and power plants. Problems: Problems: – Contains less oxygen – Favors different species – May increase growth rates of undesirable species – May benefit some desirable species especially in winter

17. National Drinking Water Standards

18. The Cuyahoga River Fires June 22 nd, 1969 June 22 nd, 1969

19. GLG110 Fall 2003 A legacy is established… This was not the first time that the river had caught on fire. Fires occurred on the Cuyahoga River in – 1868,1883,1887,1912,1922,1936,1941,1948, and in 1952.

20. 1900’s

21. Depicts a fire in December of 1952 on the Cuyahoga River Depicts a fire in December of 1952 on the Cuyahoga River $1,500,000 worth of damage $1,500,000 worth of damage

22. Shows a fireboat breaking up an oil slick on December 19, 1961 (9 years later).

23. It depicts the aftermath of the June 22, 1969 fire, as the fire boat continues to break up oil slicks. Part of this picture was run on the front page of The Plane Dealer the next day. The caption read, “Flames leaped up from floating oil wastes dumped in the Cuyahoga River by waterfront industries yesterday and burned this trestle and another before a fireboat and units from three fire battalions brought it under control. Lasted 30 min. & damage was $50,000.” next daynext day

25. TIME reports (August 1 st, 1969) Some River! Chocolate-brown, oily, bubbling with subsurface gases, it oozes rather than flows. "Anyone who falls into the Cuyahoga does not drown," Cleveland's citizens joke grimly. "He decays"... The Federal Water Pollution Control Administration dryly notes: "The lower Cuyahoga has no visible signs of life, not even low forms such as leeches and sludge worms that usually thrive on wastes." It is also -- literally -- a fire hazard. Some River! Chocolate-brown, oily, bubbling with subsurface gases, it oozes rather than flows. "Anyone who falls into the Cuyahoga does not drown," Cleveland's citizens joke grimly. "He decays"... The Federal Water Pollution Control Administration dryly notes: "The lower Cuyahoga has no visible signs of life, not even low forms such as leeches and sludge worms that usually thrive on wastes." It is also -- literally -- a fire hazard.

26. Repercussions of “the Fire” August 1 st 1969, Time Magazine article, the river fire began to draw more attention. Especially among environmentalists, the river fire stood as a clear example of the need to improve the water quality in lakes and rivers. August 1 st 1969, Time Magazine article, the river fire began to draw more attention. Especially among environmentalists, the river fire stood as a clear example of the need to improve the water quality in lakes and rivers. In October of 1969, federal officials passed a bill that would grant states more insurance that projects aimed at improving water quality would receive federal support. The Cuyahoga River served as a prime example of the need for the bill. In October of 1969, federal officials passed a bill that would grant states more insurance that projects aimed at improving water quality would receive federal support. The Cuyahoga River served as a prime example of the need for the bill. Also in October, federal water pollution officials pressured four steel companies to "expedite installation of facilities to clean their large waste discharges into the filthy Cuyahoga and Maumee Rivers“. Also in October, federal water pollution officials pressured four steel companies to "expedite installation of facilities to clean their large waste discharges into the filthy Cuyahoga and Maumee Rivers“.

27. Repercussions of “the Fire” The first Earth Day in 1970 increased awareness for an environmental agenda. The first Earth Day in 1970 increased awareness for an environmental agenda. In 1972 the Clean Water Act was passed, "restricting industrial dumping into the nation's waterways". In 1972 the Clean Water Act was passed, "restricting industrial dumping into the nation's waterways". The river catching fire "proved to be the instrumental rallying point in the passage of the Clean Water Act". The Cuyahoga had become a symbol of the need to improve water quality. The river catching fire "proved to be the instrumental rallying point in the passage of the Clean Water Act". The Cuyahoga had become a symbol of the need to improve water quality.

28. The Cuyahoga River Today

29. Hurricane Floyd North Carolina, 9/1999 North Carolina, 9/1999 – 2 nd largest pig farming in nation – Environmentalists saw danger; farmers resisted – Daily manure and urine flushed into holding ponds – Degrade via natural bacteria – Floods from hurricane washed waste into rivers and floodwaters into towns, homes, etc.

30. Federal Legislation July 2000, President Clinton passed new legislation July 2000, President Clinton passed new legislation – Protect rivers and streams from nonpoint source pollution – Environmental Protection Agency work with state and local agencies to develop programs to reduce pollution over next 15 years – Opposed by Congress, industry, some agricultural groups, even Chamber of Commerce