3. Gaps For the next 3 months, collect all the rainfall over the whole of Gambia and half of Senegal. The amount of rainfall we think you will get in 2009 will make it amongst the 10 driest years we measured between 1961 and 1990 (but … the probability is only 45%, so were more likely to be wrong than right, and … even if we are right the crops may not fail (and they may fail even if were wrong), and … we might be wrong about the 45%). Consider yourselves forewarned.

4. Bridging the Gaps Gaps in Data More observations Rightscaling Gaps in Climate Services Improve skill Improve communication Gaps in Practice Generate demand Gaps in Policy Enable response Practical solutions now for practical problems.

5. Focusing only on improving early-warning alone will not enable early- action.