1. The properties of Water

2. Water This results in a partial negative charge on the oxygen and a partial positive charge on the hydrogens. H2OH2O –– O H H ++ ++ Because oxygen (O) is more electronegative than hydrogen (H), shared electrons are pulled more toward oxygen.

3. 12/1  Hmwk:  read Testing Acids and Bases lab  Answer questions 3 – 6 of the lab  Study the traits of water

4. Traits of Water 1) Polarity leads to:  Hydrogen bonds: Bond between hydrogen and electronegative atom, N, O Bond between hydrogen and electronegative atom, N, O  Cohesive attraction: Water to water molecular attraction Water to water molecular attraction enables surface tension enables surface tension  Adhesive attraction: Water attracted to a different substance Water attracted to a different substance  Cohesion and Adhesion enables capillary action capillary action transpiration: form of homeostasis for plants transpiration: form of homeostasis for plants transport of water transport of water transport of water transport of water..\..\..\chemistry\chemistry\water\03_02WaterStructure_A.ht ml..\..\..\chemistry\chemistry\water\03_02WaterStructure_A.ht ml..\..\..\chemistry\chemistry\water\03_02WaterStructure_A.ht ml..\..\..\chemistry\chemistry\water\03_02WaterStructure_A.ht ml transpul.gif transpul.gif transpul.gif http://www.sciencemag.org/sciext/vis2005/show/transp iration.swf http://www.sciencemag.org/sciext/vis2005/show/transp iration.swf http://www.sciencemag.org/sciext/vis2005/show/transp iration.swf http://www.sciencemag.org/sciext/vis2005/show/transp iration.swf2.

6. Cohesion

7. Other traits of Water... 2.Universal Solvent  Water is polar: can break bonds in many substances  Capable to dissolve many substances  Ex: salt NaCl and water H 2 O => salt water solution NaCl(s) + H2O(l) => Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq)  If the substance can dissolve it is.... HYDROPHILIC  Oil and water Oil is HYDROPHOBIC

8. Hydrogen Bonds H2OH2O –– O H H ++ ++

9. Water as a Solvent Negative oxygen regions of polar water molecules are attracted to sodium ions (Na + ). + + + + Cl – – – – – Na + Positive hydrogen regions of water molecules cling to chloride ions (Cl – ). + + + + – – – – – – Na + Cl –

10. Solutions and Suspensions 1.Solutions solute is evenly distributed throughout the solution with the solvent Solvent solute 2.Suspensions: mixtures of water and nondissolved material: ex. blood 3.Mixtures: do not chemically combine: ex.sand and salt

11. 12/3  Hmwk:  Make note cards of the vocabulary listed in orange packet found on pg 44  Quiz on 4 traits of water and how it maintains homeostasis with in the Biosphere

12. 3) Expansion when freezes  Causes ice to be less dense than at liquid state  How does freezing of water stabilize our environment? Insulates aquatic environments Insulates aquatic environments Creates ice burgs Creates ice burgs Liquid water Hydrogen bonds constantly break and re-form Ice Hydrogen bonds are stable Hydrogen bond Figure 3.5

13. 4)Controls temperature: Controls climate on earth because of: Controls climate on earth because of: Specific heat of waterSpecific heat of water It takes 1 calorie to raise 1gram of water 1°CIt takes 1 calorie to raise 1gram of water 1°C C = amount of heat of each unit mass required to raise the temperature by one degree CelsiusC = amount of heat of each unit mass required to raise the temperature by one degree Celsius C water: higher than any other common substance!C water: higher than any other common substance! homeostasis for humans homeostasis for humans

14. See how water enables us to survive....

15. What does the pH Scale measures? Acids, Bases, and pH 1. The pH Scale means? –Acids –Bases –Buffers

16. A. Biochemistry 1. The atom electron proton neutron 2. What is so important about Carbon? 6C6C Nucle us (a) (b) Cloud of negative charge (2 electrons) Electrons

17. electron: neutron: proton:

18. 2–3Carbon Compounds B. Organic vs. Inorganic C. Macromolecules 1.Carbohydrates 2.Lipids 3.Nucleic Acids 4.Proteins

19. Carbohydrates 1.Simple sugars: Monosaccharides 1 unit Ex: glucose 2.Complex sugars Disaccharides/polysaccharides More than 2 units Ex: starch, cellulose

21. Lipids 1. Made of: 1 Glycerol 3 Fatty Acids 2. Where are they found: -Cell membranes -Tissue -Oil, butter 3. Function Insulation Flexibility cushion

23. Nucleic Acids 1. 2 types: RNA and DNA 2. Function : DNA: Carry the genetic material of an organism 2 long chains of nucleotides –Nulceotides: Nitrogenous base (A, G, T, C) Sugar mol phosphate RNA: carry orders of synthesizing different proteins Single chain of nucleotides –Nucleotides Nitrogenous base (A, G, C, U) Sugar mol phosphate

25. Amino Acids 1.What is the importance of Amino Acids? -Building blocks of Proteins 2.made from: Amino group R group Carboxyl group 3.Protein Function: - Make hormones, RBC, protein channels, enzymes

27. Proteins

28. Concept Map of Carbon Carbon Compounds include that consist of which contain that consist of which contain Section 2-3 CarbohydratesLipidsNucleic acidsProteins Sugars and starches Fats and oilsNucleotidesAmino Acids Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Carbon,hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus Carbon, hydrogen,oxygen, nitrogen,

29. 2–4Chemical Reactions and Enzymes  Chemical reaction  Enzyme

30.  Enzymes Are a type of protein that acts as a catalyst, speeding up chemical reactions Are a type of protein that acts as a catalyst, speeding up chemical reactions Substrate maltose Enzyme (maltase) Glucose OH H O H2OH2O glucose 3 Substrate is converted to products. 1 Active site is available for a molecule of substrate, the reactant on which the enzyme acts. Substrate binds to enzyme. 22 4 Products are released. Figure 5.16

31. Effects of an Enzyme

32. 08_15HowEnzymesWork_A.ht ml 08_15HowEnzymesWork_A.ht ml

33. Questions 1. What energy is needed to start a chemical reaction to take place? 2. What macromolecule helps in starting a reaction? 3. What are the two parts of a chemical reaction called? 4. What does the macromolecule bind to which induces the reaction?

34.  Spontaneous vs. Nonspontaneous  Activation Energy

35. Endergonic vs. Exergonic

36. Factors that Influence Enzymes  Temperature  pH  Concentration of substrate to enzyme

37. 11/25  Hmwk: 1. White student answer packet on diffusion and osmosis due tomorrow 2. 35pt. Pink Cell Review Packet due tomorrow 3. Test corrections for everyone due tomorrow! 4. Write out the question and answer 1. You will receive a hmwk grade 2. Partial credit to your test

38. Acting out!  Objective: 1. Students will act out the movement of molecules. 2. Each group of students must define the process assigned to them. 3. Each student must identify themselves as a molecule by holding an index card to ID themselves. 4. Conclusion: 1. Each student must write a definition of diffusion, osmosis and active transport. 2. Then draw an image representing the the 3 types of transport.