1. America Claims an Empire Ch.10

2. American Expansionism Imperialism ▫Policy in which stronger nations extend their economic, political, or military control over weaker nations ▫3 factors fueled American imperialism Military Strength ▫Admiral Alfred T. Mahan and other military men advised the government to build up the military to compete globally New Markets ▫Needed both raw materials for factories and new markets for goods Cultural Superiority ▫Americans had a responsibility to spread Christianity and civilization

3. American Expansionism Alaska ▫Sec. of State William Seward negotiated the purchase of Alaska for $7.2 million in 1867 Hawaii ▫American sugar plantations had their product imported into the U.S. duty-free until 1890 ▫Planters wanted the U.S. to annex the islands so they wouldn’t have to pay the import tax ▫In 1887, the U.S built a naval base at Pearl harbor Last Monarch ▫Queen Liliuokalani wanted a “Hawaii for Hawaiians” so planters organized a rebellion ▫Sandford B. Dole took over the government

7. Cubans Rebel Against Spain American Interest ▫America was interested in acquiring Cuba from Spain ▫Cubans unsuccessfully revolted against Spain (1867-1877) ▫Americans began investing in sugar plantations once the Cubans forced Spain to abolish slavery Second war for independence ▫Jose Marti, Cuban journalist in exile in New York, launches a second revolt ▫Tried to provoke U.S. intervention by attacking U.S. owned sugar plantations

8. War Fever Escalates Yellow Journalism ▫Exaggerated accounts of General Weyler’s efforts to restore order were printed to sell more newspapers ▫Hearst- “You furnish the pictures and I’ll furnish the war.” The De Lome letter ▫Leaked letter from Spanish minister to U.S. ▫Called president McKinley “weak” and a “bid for the admiration of the crowd.”

9. U.S.S. Maine Explodes The Maine was in Cuba to collect U.S. citizens endangered by the fighting Feb. 15, 1898, the Maine exploded in Havana harbor U.S. newspapers claimed the Spanish blew up the ship McKinley asked Congress to declare war ▫After a week of debate, they do (April 20, 1898)

13. War Erupts The Philippines ▫Commodore George Dewey attacked the Philippines ▫American troops landed on the islands and joined forces with Filipino rebels led by Emilio Aguinaldo Caribbean ▫Naval blockade of Cuba ▫Army was small and ill-prepared for war  Not enough equipment, poor training

14. War Erupts Rough Riders ▫Volunteer Calvary unit ▫Helped clear the way for an attack on San Juan Hill ▫Spain’s fleet was destroyed soon after Treaty of Paris ▫Armistice signed in August ▫Cuba gained independence ▫Guam and Puerto Rico were given to the U.S. ▫Philippines were sold to U.S. for $20 million

18. Debate Over the Treaty Arguments centered on whether the U.S. had a right to annex the Philippines President McKinley wanted to “educate the Filipinos, and uplift and Christianize them.” Others argued that the U.S. had violated the Constitution by not allowing the Filipinos to choose their own government

19. Ruling Puerto Rico Military Rule ▫Began during the Spanish-American war ▫Would continue until Congress decided on statehood, self-government, or independence Civil government ▫Foraker Act- set up civilian government ▫President of U.S. to appoint governor and upper house ▫Puerto Ricans could elect lower house

20. Cuba and the United States American soldiers ▫Retained the same government officials as Spain ▫Provided food and clothing to thousands of families; helped eliminate yellow fever Platt Amendment ▫Cuba became a U.S. protectorate Business interests ▫Business people were convinced that annexing territory and imposing colonial rule was necessary to protect American businesses

21. Philippines and the U.S. Philippine-American War ▫Filipinos were led by Emilio Aguinaldo ▫U.S. used tactics they condemned Spain for using in Cuba ▫Ended after 3 years and 20,000 Filipino deaths Aftermath ▫Government was similar to Puerto Rico’s ▫Philippines gradually moved to independence in July 1946.

22. Foreign Influence in China Open Door policy ▫Sec. of State John Hay sends note to leaders of imperialist nations proposing they share trading rights with the U.S. in China Boxer Rebellion (1900) ▫Boxers killed missionaries and other foreigners as well as Chinese converts to Christianity Protecting American rights ▫John Hay issues a second series of notes to safeguard trade in China

23. Impact of Territorial Gains A majority of Americans supported imperialism Anti-Imperialist League ▫Grover Cleveland, Andrew Carnegie, Jane Addams, Mark Twain

24. Teddy Roosevelt and the World Peacemaker ▫Negotiated the Treaty of Portsmouth to end the Russo-Japanese war in 1905  Won a Nobel peace prize Panama Canal ▫U.S. purchased France’s route for $40 million ▫Opened in 1914; took 10 years to build Constructing the Canal ▫Total cost- $380 million

25. Teddy Roosevelt and the World The Roosevelt Corollary ▫Addition to the Monroe Doctrine ▫Warned that disorder in Latin America might force the United States to intervene ▫“Speak softly and carry a big stick” Dollar Diplomacy ▫Policy of using the U.S. government to guarantee loans made to foreign countries by American business people

28. Wilson’s Missionary Diplomacy The Mexican Revolution ▫Mexican dictator Porfirio Diaz was overthrown in 1911 by peasants led by Francisco Madero ▫Madero was overthrown 2 years later by General Victoriano Huerta whose government the U.S. refused to recognize Intervention in Mexico ▫In April 1914, Huerta’s government arrested some American sailors ▫Though released, U.S. Marines occupied Veracruz ▫War did not occur and Wilson would recognize Carranza’s government

29. Wilson’s Missionary Diplomacy Rebellion in Mexico ▫Rebel leaders Francisco “Pancho” Villa and Emiliano Zapata encouraged the peasants to join them against Carranza ▫Villa shot American engineers who were in Mexico to operate mines Chasing Villa ▫General John J. Pershing was dispatched into Mexico to capture Villa ▫Wilson refused Carranza's demand that U.S. troops be withdrawn ▫U.S. troops were withdrawn in 1917 as the U.S. prepared to go to war in Europe