1. Conquest and Survival Chapter 18

2. Closing the Western Frontier Pages 606-612 “Buffalo Wars” “Indian ‘Wars”

3. BUFFALO SLIDE SHOW

4. Destruction of the Buffalo Herds The near extinction of the buffalo. Estimates range from 20-30 million buffalo that existed in 1800 By 1890, the estimates range from 1000-2000

5. Buffalo in Custer SD

8. Badlands, SD

10. Buffalo Consequences Eliminated traditional way of life for multiple tribes Forced relocations Starvation and the spread of disease Intertribal warfare External warfare

11. Colonel John Chivington Kill and scalp all, big and little! Sand Creek, CO Massacre November 29, 1864

12. Sand Creek Massacre On November 29, 1864, Colorado volunteer soldiers attacked an encampment of Cheyenne and Arapaho along Sand Creek. Over 150 Indians were killed in the attack, many of whom were women and children. “ Damn any man who sympathizes with Indians!... I have come to kill Indians, and believe it is right and honorable to use any means under God's heaven to kill Indians. ” —- Col. John Milton Chivington, U.S. Army “ I saw the bodies of those lying there cut all to pieces, worse mutilated than any I ever saw before; the women cut all to pieces... With knives; scalped; their brains knocked out; children two or three months old; all ages lying there, from sucking infants up to warriors... By whom were they mutilated? By the United States troops... ” —- John S. Smith, Congressional Testimony of Mr. John S. Smith, 1865

13. The Battle of Little Big Horn 1876

15. Crazy Horse

16. Mt. Rushmore

17. Quick Recap Desire for land led to violations of treaties Buffalo were eliminated from tribal hunting grounds Many Indian tribes felt their only choice was to fight (or die)

18. Chief Joseph I will fight no more forever! Nez Percé tribal retreat (1877)

19. Transformation of Indian Societies A Century of Dishonor Dawes Severalty Act Ghost Dance –Massacre at Wounded Knee

20. Helen Hunt Jackson A Century of Dishonor (1881) “Are there any words to fitly characterize such treatment as this from a great, powerful, rich nation, to a handful of helpless people? “

21. Dawes Act (1887) Goal = Assimilation Conditions: –No tribal land – individuals could receive an allotment of 160 acres –Indian religion, ceremonies, languages, clothing and hair styles forbidden –“Kill the Indian and save the man”

22. Dawes Severalty Act (1887): Assimilation Policy Carlisle Indian School, PA

23. Arapahoe “Ghost Dance”, 1890

24. Miners, Ranchers and Farmers Mining Towns Closing of the Frontier –Cattle Drives –Homesteads Farmers

25. ProspectingProspecting

26. Mining Centers: 1900

28. Land Use: 1880s

29. TheCattleTrailsTheCattleTrails

31. Barbed Wire Joseph Glidden BARBED WIRE = END OF THE OPEN RANGE

32. Populating the Plains Homestead Act – 160 acres free based on settlement and improvement (farming) –Most settlers purchase land –Land quality typically less than desirable Land purchase – railroads, speculators, state governments Railroad = key to rapid settlement

33. Homesteads From Public Lands

34. African American “Exoduster” Homesteaders

36. African Americans Moving West

38. Frontier Settlements: 1870-1890 1870-1890

39. New Agricultural Technology “Prairie Fan” Water Pump Steel Plow [“Sod Buster”]

40. Quick Recap Mining began as an individual enterprise but the complexity and cost soon changed it to a corporate enterprise Indian removal and the railroad opened land for ranching Improvements in agricultural technology and increased demand created the need for larger farms

41. OLD MACDONALD

42. Farm Game !!!

43. The Rules… 1.You are starting with $1000 2.You may plant up to 160 acres 3.You must plant in multiples of 10 acres 4.You may purchase animals in lots of 1 5.You may rent additional acres at a rate of $50 per 100 acres

44. The Math… 1.Multiply the Number of acres planted per crop times the Cost per acre and enter the result in Total Cost of Crop 2.Multiply the Number of Animals times the Cost per animal and enter the result in Total Cost of Animals 3.Enter any remaining money in the Savings field

45. Select Crops for Planting Now 1885

46. A serious lack of early spring rain almost destroyed the wheat, barley, and oat crop in the Great Plains. The price of corn, beans, field peas, and tobacco are up because of the drought. Cattle prices are down due to large quantities sold in Texas. Sheep and hog prices remained stable.

47. Crop Returns 1885 (Multiply amount you planted by this number) Corn2 Beans3 Wheat1 Barley1 Oats1 Field Hay2 Tobacco2 Field Peas2 Cattle1 Sheep2 Hogs2

48. Calculate your profits!! Multiply the Total Cost of Crop (and/or Animal) times the Investment Return number and enter the result in Income. Sum the Income fields (plus Savings if you have any) Enter the result in Total Profit

49. Select Crops for Planting Now 1886

50. An epidemic of Mad Cow disease (Loberitis) has killed most of the cattle. A strain of the disease (Glorberia) has infected large numbers of sheep. As a result hog prices are at an all time high. Abundant rain has produced excellent crops. The price of field hay has declined as a result of lower numbers of cattle.

51. Crop Returns 1886 (Multiply amount you planted by this number) Corn2 Beans2 Wheat2 Barley2 Oats2 Field Hay0 Tobacco1 Field Peas2 Cattle0 Sheep1.5 Hogs3

52. Calculate your profits!!

53. Select Crops for Planting Now 1887

54. Nature deals a crushing blow to the farmers of the Great Plains. –Grasshoppers have infested the crops and severely damaged most crops –Hot, dry weather has reduced the weight of both sheep and hogs which has reduced their value However, cattle prices are high due to the lack of supply

55. Crop Returns 1887 (Multiply amount you planted by this number) Corn1 Beans1 Wheat1 Barley1 Oats1 Field Hay1 Tobacco1 Field Peas1 Cattle3 Sheep.5 Hogs.5

56. Calculate your profits!!

57. How much money do you have?