1. Working with Writers of English as a Second Language presented by Judith M. Davis, Director Writing Technology Laboratory

2. Understand how L1 knowledge may affect L2 usage organization plagiarism word use/idioms grammar, style, and mechanics

3. Organization (adapted from Robert B. Kaplan, “Cultural Thought Patterns in Intercultural Education,” Language Learning 16:15) English Oriental Russian Semitic Romance

4. Organization Teach American English discourse style Clarify terms like thesis, topic sentence, paragraph Encourage outlining

5. Plagiarism Understand that “plagiarism” and “intellectual property” are culturally bound ideas Teach expectations for American academic prose and requirements for documentation Visit Research and Documentation Online: http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/resdoc http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/resdoc

6. Word Use/Idioms Understand that many English expressions are idiomatic Encourage English dictionary use for phrasal verb complements Encourage ESL dictionary use for expanded definitions and usage tips Visit http://dictionary.cambridge.org/ for links to many dictionaries, including ESL references http://dictionary.cambridge.org/

7. Grammar, Style, and Mechanics Understand the causes of ESL error: competence basic grammar knowledge language acquisition performance lack of editing awareness/skill cognitive “stretch” L1  L2 interference misapplication of rules

8. Grammar, Style, and Mechanics Anticipate typical ESL “troublespots”: verbs agreement tense modal + base verbs gerunds vs. infinitives articles count vs. non-count nouns definite vs. indefinite uses

9. Grammar, Style, and Mechanics Anticipate typical ESL “troublespots”: modifiers adjectives vs. nouns adverb placement participles as adjectives (e.g., confused vs. confusing) prepositions time and place phrasal verb complements