2. CIVIL WAR 1642-1649 Charles I was beheaded by angry Puritans in the “Protestant Reformation”, led by Oliver Cromwell.

3. Oliver Cromwell—Lord Protector of the Commonwealth First Non-Royal Ruler of England Dictator Strict Moralist Religious Strife Succeeded by his son, Richard, who was unable to hold the kingdom.

4. Restoration Period 1660--Charles II is recalled from France A “Restoration” of the Monarchy Rejection of Puritans Royal Society of London Established

5. James II Catholic Jacobites Fled to exile in France NO CIVIL WAR!!!!

6. Mary II of England.. IRC. 2005. unitedstreaming. 15 November 2006 <http://www.unitedstreaming.com William and Mary The Glorious Revolution--1688

8. Queen Anne

9. King George I of England (r.1714-1727).. IRC. 2005. unitedstreaming. 15 November 2006 <http://www.unitedstreaming.com Hanoverians

10. King George III

20. VARIOUS LABELS FOR THE 18TH CENTURY III. The eighteenth century has been given several labels: –Age of Reason – anything could be achieved through the calm working of the mind. People stopped asking “Why?” and started asking “How?” (Logic) Age of Classicism – (Neo-classicism) a fascination with the classical styles of Ancient Greece and Rome. Neo-classicists focused upon order, balance, and harmony in their art. Age of Elegance – upper classes led an elegant lifestyle. Charles II, while exiled in France, picked up the styles of the French and wore them when he got home to England. The upper class began to follow his lead. Men wore colorful knee breeches and colorful coats, vests, and stocking. Women wore lavish costumes with corsets so tight that breathing was difficult. Both sexes wore wigs or powdered their hair (until the 1790’s hair powder tax led to natural hairdos). Augustan Age – referred to the Emperor Augustus of a prosperous Rome of long ago when commerce and great literature thrived (classical ancient Rome). Some divide this period into two smaller periods: –The Age of Pope (after Alexander Pope) –The Age of Johnson (after Samuel Johnson)

22. The greatest achievements in literature were not in poetry or drama, but in prose. Literature was basically concerned with order, balance, and control of thought and style. Essay of Dramatic Poesy (1688) by John Dryden (Master of Modern English Prose) A Dictionary of the English Language (1755) by Samuel Johnson Short Introduction to English Grammar (1762) by Robert Lowth The Tatler and The Spectator (1711-1714) by Joseph Addison and Richard Steele – England’s first magazines/newspapers (periodicals) Essay on Criticism by Alexander Pope “A Modest Proposal” by Jonathan Swift – satirical essay Diary by Samuel Pepys -- historical Political writings—like Swift Philosophical writings

28. The novel Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe Tom Jones by Henry Fielding Pamela by Samuel Richardson Types of novels picaresque novel of sentiment gothic novel novel of manners