1. The Enlightenment Spreads

2. Salons – social gatherings where philosophers, writers, artists, and other great intellects met to discuss ideas

3. Diderot’s Encyclopedia Marie-Therese Geoffrin Denis Diderot’s Encyclopedia (1751) – Large set of books of articles written by leading scholars of Europe – Banned by French government and the Catholic Church

4. New Artistic Style Old Style – Baroque – grand, ornate design Styles started to change: – Artists and architects used lighter and simple styles – Borrowed ideas from classical Greece and Rome

7. New Artistic Style: Music Old Style: dramatic organ and choral music – Bach of Germany – Handel of England Enlightenment - lighter style of music known as classical emerged – Franz Joseph Haydn – Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart – Ludwig van Beethoven

8. New Artistic Styles: Literature First novels in the modern sense, lengthy works of prose fiction They have plots, use suspense, and explored character thoughts and feelings Samuel Richardson wrote Pamela, widely considered the first English novel

9. Enlightened Despots – monarchs who embraced the new ideas and made reforms that reflected the Enlightenment spirit

10. Frederick the Great King of Prussia (1740-1786) – Enlightenment changes: “first servant of the state” Granted religious freedoms Reduced censorship Improved education Reformed the justice system; abolished use of torture But there were limits – Serfdom remained

11. Joseph II King of Austria (1780-1790) – Introduced legal reforms and freedom of the press – Supported freedom of worship – Abolished serfdom and orders that peasants be paid for their labor with cash – Unfortunately, most of these changes were undone after Joseph’s death

12. Catherine the Great Ruled Russia from 1762 – 1796 1767 - formed a commission to review Russia’s laws – She presented a list of reforms based on Montesquieu and Beccaria – Unfortunately, none of these goals were implemented and she had to settle for limited reforms

13. Russia wanted a port in the Black Sea – Won after two wars with the Ottomans Expanded Russian control into Poland