2.  Art of finding and analyzing all the choices involving language that a writer, speaker, reader, or listener might make in a situation so that the text becomes meaningful, purposeful, and effective for readers or listeners.  Art of communication = art of persuasion.

3.  Speeches  Cartoons  Advertisements  Letters  Poetry  Prose  Essays  Magazine and newspaper articles on controversial issues

4.  Aristotle (384-322 BCE) 1. Greek Philosopher = wrote on logic, natural sciences, metaphysics, ethics, politics, and rhetoric (many followers and brought the ideas to the western world) 2. Defined rhetoric as the ability to see; persuasion 3. Believed rhetoric created community and good will. 4. Create the basic principles for Rhetoric (ethos, pathos, logos).

5. AUDIENCESubject/ CONTEXT WRITER (communicator) Intention

6. AppealDefinitionEffect Logos Greek for “word” Refers to consistency of the message-- the clarity of the claim, the logic of its reasons, and the effectiveness of its supporting evidence Appeals to the audience’s logic, sense of reasoning using facts, statistics, and evidence Ethos Greek for “character” Refers to the trustworthiness or credibility of the writer or speaker Conveyed through tone and style Appeals to the audience’s ethics, morals, prudence Pathos Greek for “suffering” or “experience” Refers to both the emotional and imaginative impact of the message on the audience Appeals to the audience’s emotions and ability to identify with the writer’s point of view; draws upon the audience’s feelings and sentimentality Pages 49 - 50

8. Rhetorical DeviceDefinitionExample

10. Ex. Colgate toothpaste is dynamite. Ex. Starbursts are explosive.

11. Question that is not answered by the writer, because the answer is obvious or is just yes or no. It is used for effect, or provocation, or for drawing a conclusionary statement from the facts at hand.

12. Rhetorical Questions http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cCK6wQ0BoxI

13.  The act or an example of substituting a mild, indirect, or vague term for one considered harsh, blunt, or offensive.

15. Making something sound worse than it is; An extreme overstatement of fact for dramatic effect. “going to the dentist is the worst thing ever”

16. Repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of successive phrases.

17. Winston Churchill: “We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills.”

18. Mirror image/inverted parallel structure

20. Repeating a word, phrase or Sentence to achieve a desired Effect.

21. A style that omits conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses.

22.  “You can barbecue it, boil it, broil it, bake it, saute it. Dey’s uh, shrimp-kabobs, shrimp creole, shrimp gumbo, pan fried, deep fried, stir-fried.” (Forest Gump)

23.  “They dove, splashed, floated, swam, snorted.”  “He was a bag of bones, a floppy doll, a broken stick, a maniac.”

24. A style that employs many conjunctions (opposite of asyndeton)

25.  “We lived and laughed and loved and left” (James Joyce, Finnegans Wake )  “Oh my piglets, we are the origins of war-not history’s forces, nor ideas, nor kinds of government, nor causes, nor religions” (Katherine Hepburn, in The Lion in Winter )

26. “On a starry winter night in Portugal Where the ocean kissed the southern shore” Use of vivid and descriptive language to evoke images in the readers’ minds.