1. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
The shift, beginning in England in the 18th century, from making goods by hand to making them by machine.

2. England before the Industrial Revolution

3. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
The Agricultural Revolution

4. Population Explosion
England - huge increase in population in the late 1760s.
More people need more food.
The French blockade meant that the British had to produce more food.
Large landowners chase small tenant farmers (renters) off their lands to try to make the most profit from the increased price of food.

5. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
The Agricultural Revolution
Enclosure Movement
landlords fenced in common land and used new farming technology
peasants became poorer

6. Britain’s Agricultural Revolution
The large landowners consolidate
their property into enclosures –
land that is walled off.
Increased technology and new inventions make the
British farmers the most productive in the world. Fewer
farmers can now produce more food than ever before.
This allows the rural population to feed a growing urban
population.

7. The changes in the way the people in Britain farmed resulted in huge increases in the amount of food that the land produced. = YIELD
The landlords started crop rotation. They would change the crops that they would plant in different fields to make sure that the fields retained their nutrients.
New crops such as corn and potatoes were introduced that increased the amount of food that Britain produced.

8. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
The Agricultural Revolution
Enclosure Movement
landlords fenced in common land and used new farming technology
peasants became poorer
Crop Rotation
fields regained nutrients by planting different crops
Other Discoveries
seed drill planted seeds quickly
new crops: corn and potato
Results in more food and population increase

9. Enclosure results in Urbanization
The former tenant farmers that were chased off the lands during the period of enclosure were forced to move into villages and towns.
Many found work at home making textile products (making wool, flax, and cotton into cloth).
Capitalists (businessmen) started businesses by taking wool and flax to the cottages (homes) of peasant spinners. After the wool and flax were spun carded, the capitalists would then take it to the weavers.

10. Cottage Industry and Early Capitalism
Merchants Role
supplied materials – wool and cotton
transported supplies
merchants make profits

14. Cottage Industry and Early Capitalism
Merchants Role
supplied materials – wool and cotton
transported supplies
merchants make profits
Capitalism
private ownership, free competition, and profit
cottage industry early example of capitalism
Effects of the Cottage Industry
big profits for new class of merchants
alternative source of income for peasants 14

15. What are the workers doing?
The Factory System
What do you see here?
What are the machines doing?
What are the workers doing?
What is the girl next to the machine doing?
What might be the advantages of factory spinning over cottage-industry spinning?

16. The Factory System
Entrepreneurs decided to combine all of the factors of production into one place
workers
+ raw materials
+ machines
+ building
= factory system

17. The Factory System

18. Textile Industry Invented
Textile Industry and Factory System
Textile Industry Invented
cottages couldn’t keep up with demand for textiles
new machines make textiles quicker
cotton gin separated seeds from cotton
Rise of the Factory
new machines, often too big for homes, were put in factories
located near power source: coal, iron, water

19. Effects of Textile Factories in Britain
Textile Industry and Factory System
Textile Industry Invented
cottages couldn’t keep up with demand for textiles
new machines make textiles quicker
cotton gin separated seeds from cotton
Rise of the Factory
new machines, often too big for homes, were put in factories
located near power source: coal, iron, water
Effects of Textile Factories in Britain
Amount of textiles increased and prices lowered
most villagers left home to find work in urban factories
 URBANIZATION 19

20. The Steam Engine

21. Steam power

22. Steam Engine: Energy for the Industrial Revolution
Steam Engine built for increasing need for power
Steam forced from low to high pressure produces power
Steam Engine improved mining which increased metals

23. Coal and Iron

24. Iron and Coal: Energy for the Industrial Revolution
The Need for Iron
farming tools, new factory machinery, railways
The Need for Coal
steam engines powered by coal
Effect of Iron and Coal
Britain produced more iron than rest of the world
coal powered Britain’s enormous navy

25. Iron and Coal: Energy of the Industrial Revolution
The use of iron was essential in the industrial revolution. Iron was a very hard metal that could be used to make strong machines.
The problem was that iron needed carbon added to it to be flexible and durable.
The British used iron to build the world’s most powerful navy.
This navy controlled the world’s oceans using coal for energy.
Coal could also be used to produce steam power.
many workers die because of dangerous machinery
British engineers learned that coal could be used for energy and carbon. It burned slowly and had the carbon needed to make iron.

26. Improved Transportation

27. Transportation In 1829 Stephenson invented the steam locomotive.
Before the industrial revolution merchants used to transport goods by horse or mule cart over poor roads.
Merchants had to wait for good weather to travel.
The industrial revolution needed quicker, cheaper, and more reliable forms of transportation.
Soon railroads covered Britain.
In 1829 Stephenson invented the steam locomotive.
The Rocket
BBC Animation
Goods and people could travel quickly and cheaply across the country.
In addition to railroads, the British also constructed additional canals and better roads to meet the demands of the new businesses.

28. 28

29. Transportation
Need for Better Transportation
increased production needed quick and cheap transportation
Inventions
roads, canals, railroad
Effects of Railroads
cheaper transportation increased production and profits
helped other industries

30. Britain starts the Industrial Revolution
Natural Resources
System of navigable rivers and canals.
surrounded by harbors
coal, iron, and other fuel
food sources
Population
A population explosion gave England plenty of workers
Large population also meant a large market
Technology
Inventors that changed working life
Roads and railroads were invented in England and helped transportation
Money
England had a bank that loaned entrepreneurs money to start companies.

31. Why Britain Led the Industrial Revolution
Geography
natural resources - iron and coal
separation from the European continent kept them out of wars
Government
trade encouraged and population allowed to relocate
helped build canals and roads
Social Factors
i. British society less rigid than other European countries

32. Industrialization and the World
The problem with industrialization was that it demanded a lot of natural resources.
England could not continue to provide all of the natural resources the growing factories demanded.
The people of England could not continue to keep buying all of the goods that the factories produced.
The answer was to take over the world and bring in natural resources from other countries and sell them factory-made goods.

33. i. supplied raw material and provided market for goods
Why Britain Led the Industrial Revolution
Geography
natural resources - iron and coal
separation from the European continent kept them out of wars
Government
trade encouraged and population allowed to relocate
helped build canals and roads
Social Factors
i. British society less rigid than other European countries
Colonial Empire
i. supplied raw material and provided market for goods
Advantages of Industrializing First
i. no other competition for manufactured goods monopoly on technology

34. Development of New Cities

35. Effects of the Industrial Revolution
rapid urbanization led to crowded and dirty cities that were unhealthy

36. Effects of the Industrial Revolution
destroyed social order
whole families are forced to work in factories
parents have to work two jobs and can not feed and raise children – many live on the streets and join gangs

37. Effects of the Industrial Revolution
many poor families need their children to work long and dangerous hours at jobs that pay very little

38. Effects of the Industrial Revolution
workers eventually join unions to fight for better wages, shorter working days, and safer working conditions

39. Effects of the Industrial Revolution
Positive Effects
a new middle class developed to
serve the interests of the owners
shopping – more goods were made for
much cheaper and many people could
afford goods that they would never
have been able to before
medical care and city planning improved
new inventions improved the quality of life