1. 1700 - 1900

2. Part 1

3. The Beginnings of Industrialization Industrial Revolution (I.R.) defined – The greatly increased output of machine made goods that began in England in the 18 th century. Before the I.R., people wove textiles by hand. Began in England in the textile industry

5. Factors of Production What needs to be in place before a nation can be industrialized? Large population of workers (labor) Natural resources – water, power and coal, iron ore to construct new machines, tools & buildings, and rivers and harbors to transport finished goods (land) Capital ($$)

6. Agricultural Revolution Wealthy farmers bought up the land of small village farmers and surrounded their larger fields with fences or hedges called enclosures. This created two important results. 1. Landowners experimented with new agricultural methods. 2. Small farmers forced to become tenant farmers or to give up farming and move to the cities.

7. Textile Industry England’s cotton came from the American south. With the need for more cotton, production skyrocketed from 1.5 million pounds in 1790 to 85 million pounds in 1810.

8. Faces of the Industrial Revolution

9. Inventions John Kay invented the flying shuttle which doubled the work a weaver could do James Hargreaves invented the spinning jenny (named after his daughter) which used eight threads instead of one Samuel Crompton invented the spinning mule which combined the features of the flying shuttle and the spinning jenny and used water power

10. Inventors/Inventions John Kay (above) and his Flying shuttle (left) James Hargreaves (below) and his Spinning Jenny (above)

11. More Inventors/Inventions Samuel Crompton (below) and his Spinning Mule (above ) Eli Whitney (right) and his Cotton Gin) The Cotton Gin separates the cotton from its seeds.

12. More Inventions Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin which multiplied the amount of cotton that could be cleaned Robert Fulton invented the steam boat which improved transportation James Watt invented the steam engine which revolutionized the railroad.

13. Railroad Revolutionizes Life in Britain Gave manufacturers an inexpensive way to transport materials and finished products Created jobs Boosted agricultural and fishing industries, which could now transport goods to distant cities Encouraged country people to take distant city jobs

14. James Watts’ Steam Engine

15. Part 2

16. Industrialization Industrialization changed lives – more people could afford to heat their homes, dine out on Scottish beef, and wear better clothing that cost less Industrialization also caused an immense human suffering

17. Growth of Industrial Cities 1800 - 1850 Most European cities doubled in population Largest industrial city was London – population exploded providing a vast labor pool and market for manufactured goods

18. Living Conditions No plans, no sanitary codes, no building codes Inadequate housing, education and police protection No running water or indoor plumbing Unpaved roads, no drains, lots of garbage Workers lived in dark, dirty shelters, families lived in one room Epidemics and diseases swept through slum s

19. Working Conditions The average worker – 14 hours a day, 6 days a week Factories dark and dirty Machines injured workers in countless ways Coal mines were the worst

20. Positive Effects of I.R. Despite its problems, the I.R. had several positive effects Created jobs Brought wealth to the nation Fostered technological progress and inventions Greatly increased production of goods Raised standard of living Provided hope of improvement to people’s lives Expanded educational opportunities with a demand for clerical and professional workers Lives of middle and upper classes prospered immediately. Workers lives gradually improved, eventually winning higher wages, shorter working hours, and better working conditions.

21. Spread of Industrialization in United States U.S had all the necessary resources England had – land, labor, and capital Also began in textiles Samuel Slater in 1789 emigrated and built a spinning machine from memory. In 1813, Francis Lowell, along with four other investors, revolutionized the American textile industry by mechanizing the entire process of the manufacturing of cloth Thousands of workers, mostly young unmarried women went to work as mill girls in factory towns

22. Mill Girls

23. Expansion of U.S. Industry In the late 1800’s, the U.S. experienced a technological boom Wealth of natural resources – oil, coal, and iron Invention of the light bulb and telephone Large urban population that consumed manufactured good Rapid expansion of the railroad lines

24. Rest of Europe Europe’s industrialization proceeded by region rather than by country The social structure of some countries delayed the adoption of new methods of production Geography held back others – mountains prevented railroads from being built, poor roads and waterways prevented transportation of goods.

25. Part 3

26. The Age of Reform Progress opened up a gap between the rich and the poor Different views on government involvement clashed with one another Laissez faire (“Let the people do as they please”)Let owners of industry and business set working conditions without interferences - a free economy unregulated by government (capitalism)

27. Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus, and David Ricardo opposed government efforts to help poor workers. They believed that creating wage laws and better working conditions would upset the free market system, lower profits, and undermine the production of wealth in society

28. Socialism Socialism – opposite of laissez. Government should play an active role to improve people’s lives Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill believed in utilitarianism – judge ideas, institutions and actions upon their usefullness. Government should promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people. Government should actively plan the economy, control factories, mines, and railroads. Only then, would poverty be abolished and equality happen. Karl Marx wrote the Communist Manifest and believe in Marxism, the most radical theory of socialism

29. Karl Marx’s Communist Manifesto

30. Comparison of Capitalism vs Marxism CapitalismMarxism Progress results when individuals follow own self-interest All great movements in history are the result of an economic class struggle Business follow own self-interest when they compete with one another for the consumer’s money The “haves” take advantage of the “have nots” Each producer tries to provide goods and services that are better and less expensive than those of competitors The I.R. intensified the class struggle Consumers compete with one another to purchase the best goods at the lowest price Workers exploited by employers Market economy aims to produce the best product and lowest price The labors workers creates profit for employers Government should not interfere in the economy The capitalist system will eventually destroy itself. The government will wither away as a classless society develops

31. Reforms Unions form to bargain for better working conditions and higher pay American Federation of Labor (AFL) is a joint creation of several unions with more power Factory Act of 1833 – Child labor law Cannot hire children under 9 years Ages 9 – 12 can only work 8 hours/day Ages 13 – 17 can only work 12/day

32. Child Labor

33. More Reforms Mines Act of 1847 – prohibited women and children from working underground 10 Hour Act of 1847 – Limited work day of women and children to 10 hours Slavery was abolished Women’s rights movement Public education Horace Mann was quoted as saying “If we do not prepare children to become good citizens…if we do not enrich their minds with knowledge, then our republic must go down.” Prison reform