1. AAPA 2010 Study Tour – Recycled Asphalt Pavement Recycled Asphalt Pavement Trevor Distin | Cassandra Simpson

2. AAPA 2010 Study Tour – Recycled Asphalt Pavement Use of RAP in the USA USA produces +-100Mtpa of RAP o ave of 17% RAP is recycled in HMA o 23 States have experience with >25% RAP o aim is to increase RAP in all mixes >25% o still some perceptions that asphalt with RAP is inferior to all virgin material Main driver for using RAP is economics & sustainability has become the new driver o NAPA reported that 25% RAP usage neutralise carbon foot print of HMA plant ‘Trade in your old pavement for a new one’

3. AAPA 2010 Study Tour – Recycled Asphalt Pavement

4. Obstacles to using > 20% RAP Concern over comingled binder properties o Stiffening of binder could lead to early cracking o Use of high % RAP may negate the benefit of using PMBs Durability of surface layers could lead to raveling Variability/consistency of RAP o Lack of QC by contractor Meeting Skid resistance requirements Two biggest obstacles in mix design: o Binder characteristics o 0.075mm fines

5. AAPA 2010 Study Tour – Recycled Asphalt Pavement Benefits of using RAP RAP reduces potential of mix to rut Adding RAP stiffens the binder to a higher performance grade o Substituting RAP for PMB was found to render same rutting performance Monitoring on 18 test sections up to 17 years with RAP showed pavements using >30% RAP are performing well Up to 40% RAP does not increase CV of HMA o In some cases contractors found less variability in RAP than virgin aggregates

6. AAPA 2010 Study Tour – Recycled Asphalt Pavement Summary of t-Test Analysis Distress Parameter Virgin Performed Better than RAP RAP Performed Better than Virgin Insignificant Difference Between RAP and Virgin RAP Performed Equal or Better Than Virgin IRI42391958 Rutting33293867 Fatigue Cracking29106171 Longtnl. Cracking15107585 Transverse Cracking 32155368 Block Cracking319697 Raveling7157893

7. AAPA 2010 Study Tour – Recycled Asphalt Pavement AB MN MB ME MT CO MD MO NJ CA GA MS NM OK TX AL AZ FL Did not use softer binder in RAP mixes

8. AAPA 2010 Study Tour – Recycled Asphalt Pavement Variability: RAP vs. Aggregate Based on 74 RAP stockpiles in 14 states, and 60 Aggregate stockpiles in 6 states

9. AAPA 2010 Study Tour – Recycled Asphalt Pavement Benefits of RAP to contractors Reduction in energy requirements to heat virgin agg & binders Hedge against rising bitumen prices & global uncertainty which can effect supply Reduces amount of virgin aggs & bitumen which reduces material costs

10. AAPA 2010 Study Tour – Recycled Asphalt Pavement Differences by State Caltrans o Can use up to 15% in WC without additional testing otherwise can increase to 30% o No RAP allowed in OGA & BRA VDoT o < 30% allowed in WC except SMA <20% o < 35% in base South Carolina o non fractionated RAP: <20% in WC & <30% in base o Fractionated RAP: <25% in WC North Carolina o <50% base o <30% in WC if RAP screened through 25 mm sieve

11. AAPA 2010 Study Tour – Recycled Asphalt Pavement New Approach Base max % RAP on net effect that RAP binder has on the properties of new mix Limiting factor will be determined by: o recovered aged binder properties o % binder in RAP i.e. 4 vs 7% depending on grading This means that you use double amount of coarse RAP vs fine RAP for same aged binder properties Typically 70% of binder must be virgin

12. AAPA 2010 Study Tour – Recycled Asphalt Pavement Virgin binder class to use FHWA recommendations: o <15% RAP: no change in binder grade o <15 < 25%: bump to a the next softest grade o >25%: use blending charts However studies have shown that: o 20% RAP can be used without changing binder grade o NCAT test sections show that up to 45% RAP there is no evidence to bump down a grade

13. AAPA 2010 Study Tour – Recycled Asphalt Pavement Determining blended binder grade

14. AAPA 2010 Study Tour – Recycled Asphalt Pavement Rutting performance @ 10 M ESALs

15. AAPA 2010 Study Tour – Recycled Asphalt Pavement Milled RAP Keep millings from different projects in separate stockpiles Milled RAP can typically be used “as is” in HMA without further crushing To save costs

16. AAPA 2010 Study Tour – Recycled Asphalt Pavement Multi-Source RAP Stockpiles Avoid contamination from the beginning Mix it up while feeding the screen or crusher Don’t over crush Fractionation helps for design of high RAP mixes Watch the weather when processing Blend again when moving stockpiles

17. AAPA 2010 Study Tour – Recycled Asphalt Pavement 17 Fractionated RAP -4.75mm RAP+19mm RAP 19 – 4.75mm RAP Screening RAP into two or more sizes Allows RAP to be used in practically any mix type Do not crush RAP to avoid producing fines. Only crush oversize RAP

18. AAPA 2010 Study Tour – Recycled Asphalt Pavement Fractionating vs. non fractionating

19. AAPA 2010 Study Tour – Recycled Asphalt Pavement Stockpiling RAP  Building steep sided stockpiles will create segregation  helps meet binder content & air voids in mix

20. AAPA 2010 Study Tour – Recycled Asphalt Pavement Minimise moisture o Cover stockpiles o Sloped pavement underneath o Free moisture in the RAP can cause caking of RAP in crushers and blinding of screens

21. AAPA 2010 Study Tour – Recycled Asphalt Pavement Effect of moisture on heating

22. AAPA 2010 Study Tour – Recycled Asphalt Pavement Testing of RAP Take samples daily from RAP stockpile o 1 set of samples for 1000 tonnes of RAP Binder Content: ignition method is preferred o Faster and more accurate o For dolomitic aggregates use solvent extraction Grading especially % passing: o 0.075mm sieve o Median sieve Bulk SG o Potential errors when calculating BSG 22

23. AAPA 2010 Study Tour – Recycled Asphalt Pavement Effect of RAP Gsb on VMA Gsb Virgin = 2.6700 12.4 12.6 12.8 13.0 13.2 13.4 13.6 010203040506070 RAP Aggregate % VMA% 2.644 2.624

24. AAPA 2010 Study Tour – Recycled Asphalt Pavement Other issues Where skid resistance is a concern use small sized RAP < 7mm Reduced mix temperature allows more RAP to be used Using higher % RAP in WMA helped increase temperature of bag house Aged binder on RAP works as an antistripping agent & improves TSR values

25. AAPA 2010 Study Tour – Recycled Asphalt Pavement Other issues cont… Consensus was that you could increase upper limits for RAP for WMA before changing binder grade: o < 25%: no change o >25 < 35%: bump to softer grade o > 35%: use blending charts Lower mixing temperature resulted in less oxidation & light oil remaining in virgin bitumen Steam produced from drying RAP creates inert atmosphere Recovered binder from WMA with 25% RAP has same rheological properties as recovered binder from HMA with virgin bitumen

26. AAPA 2010 Study Tour – Recycled Asphalt Pavement Recommendations Optimise the use of RAP in asphalt mixes without compromising mix performance o Valuable resource o Engineered product o Reduce cost of asphalt o Reduce demand for non-renewable raw materials

27. AAPA 2010 Study Tour – Recycled Asphalt Pavement Recommendations Develop guidelines for the inclusion of various % RAP into different application i.e. mixes and layers o Procedures for processing & stock piling RAP Developed simplified procedures for evaluating RAP and binder properties for >30% RAP o Determine effect of the properties of the aged binder and binder content of RAP on performance of mix specs

28. AAPA 2010 Study Tour – Recycled Asphalt Pavement Proposal Dense graded wearing courses < 15% RAP o Must fractionate RAP <NMAS >15%<30% o Only if aged binder content <30% of new mix > 30% o Only if binder viscosity of new mix < max RTFOT Subject to stringent process control & monitoring

29. AAPA 2010 Study Tour – Recycled Asphalt Pavement Proposal Intermediate & base courses < 15% RAP o Must screened but not necessary to fractionate into different sizes >15%<30% o Must fractionate into different sizes > 30% o Aged binder must be < 30% of new mix Subject to stringent process control & monitoring