1. Water Resources G. Tyler Miller’s Living in the Environment 13 th Edition Chapter 14 G. Tyler Miller’s Living in the Environment 13 th Edition Chapter 14 Dr. Richard Clements Chattanooga State Technical Community College Dr. Richard Clements Chattanooga State Technical Community College

2. Key Concepts  The physical properties of water  Availability of fresh water  Methods of increasing freshwater supplies  Using water more efficiently  Problems associated with flooding

3. Water’s Unique Properties  Hydrogen bonding  Liquid over wide temperature range  Changes temperature slowly  High heat of evaporation  Great dissolving power  pH  Adhesion and cohesion  Expands when it freezes

4. Supply of Water Resources Fig. 14-2 p. 314 Freshwater Readily accessible freshwater Biota 0.0001% Biota 0.0001% Rivers 0.0001% Rivers 0.0001% Atmospheric water vapor 0.0001% Atmospheric water vapor 0.0001% Lakes 0.0007% Soil moisture 0.0005% Groundwater 0.592% Groundwater 0.592% Ice caps and glaciers 0.592% 0.014%

5. Surface Water  Surface runoff  Reliable runoff  Watershed  Drainage basin

6. Evaporation and transpiration Evaporation Stream Infiltration Water table Infiltration Unconfined aquifer Confined aquifer Lake Well requiring a pump Flowing artesian well Runoff Precipitation Confined Recharge Area Aquifer Less permeable material such as clay Confirming permeable rock layer Ground Water Fig. 14-3 p. 315

7. Use of Water Resources  Humans use about 50% of reliable runoff  Agriculture  Industry  Domestic  Power plants Fig. 14-5 p. 316 United States Industry 11% Public 10% Power cooling 38% Agriculture 38%

8. Too Little Water  Dry climate  Drought  Dessication  Water stress Acute shortage Adequate supply Shortage Metropolitan regions with population greater than 1 million Fig. 14-7 p. 317

9. Using Dams and Reservoirs to Supply More Water Large losses of water through evaporation Large losses of water through evaporation Flooded land destroys forests or cropland and displaces people Flooded land destroys forests or cropland and displaces people Downstream flooding is reduced Downstream cropland and estuaries are deprived of nutrient-rich silt Downstream cropland and estuaries are deprived of nutrient-rich silt Reservoir is useful for recreation and fishing Can produce cheap electricity (hydropower) Migration and spawning of some fish are disrupted Provides water for year-round irrigation of cropland Fig. 14-9 p. 319

10. Transferring Water from One Place to Another North Bay Aqueduct North Bay Aqueduct South Bay Aqueduct South Bay Aqueduct California Aqueduct CALIFORNIA NEVADA UTAH MEXICO Central Arizona Project Colorado River Aqueduct Los Angeles Aqueduct Shasta Lake Sacramento Fresno Phoenix Tucson ARIZONA Colorado River Sacramento River Sacramento River San Francisco Los Angeles San Diego  Watershed transfer  California Water Project  Central Arizona Project  James Bay Fig. 14-13 p. 323

11. Tapping Groundwater  Year-round use  No evaporation losses  Often less expensive  Potential Problems!

12. Problems with Using Groundwater  Water table lowering ( See Fig. 14-15 p. 326 )  Depletion ( See Fig. 14-16 p. 326 )  Subsidence ( See Fig. 14-16 p. 326 )  Saltwater intrusion ( See Fig. 14-17 p. 328 )  Chemical contamination  Reduced stream flows See Case Study p. 327

13. Converting Salt Water to Fresh Water and Making it Rain  Distillation desalination  Reverse osmosis desalination  Desalination is very expensive  Cloud seeding

14. Using Water More Efficiently  Reduce losses due to leakage  Reform water laws  Improve irrigation efficiency ( Fig. 14-18 p. 330 )  Improving manufacturing processes  Water efficient landscaping  Water efficient appliances

15. Too Much Water: Floods  Natural phenomena Floodplain Levee Flood wall Dam Reservoir  Renew and replenish  Aggravated by human activities Fig. 14-22 p. 332

16. Solutions: Achieving a More Sustainable Water Future  Efficient irrigation  Water-saving technologies  Improving water management See Fig. 14-25 p. 336